FOCAL,FORTRAN, and BASIC programs for reformatting and analyzing data collected by the SKED program

Several programs have been written in the FOCAL, FORTRAN, and BASIC languages for reformatting and analyzing SKED data. These programs include selection and explicit labeling of sets of recording counters representing distributions and/or total counts of events, several general manipulations of distributional data, and standard statistical treatment of distributions.     

THE FORMATION OF FRIENDSHIPS AMONG ZAMBIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Les recherches aux Etats-Unis ont fait apparaître une relation entre distance psychologique et distance physique. A L'Université de Zambie, en raison des particularités géographiques du campus et de la complexité sociale du corps étudiant, on peut pousser plus loin L'étude de la relation entre espace et liens sociaux. L'analyse des schémas d'amitié entre étudiants montre que les relations spatiales ont un certain rôle dans L'établissement des liens interpersonnels, mais que les facteurs sociaux et psychologiques sont plus déterminants. Il apparaît comme on pouvait s'y attendre, que dans la plupart des cas, L'amitié s'établit avec un partenaire de même sexe, de même âge et surtout de la même école d'origine. Les facteurs linguistiques ou tribaux sont sans importance: ils semblent dépassés par un sentiment grandissant d'appartenance à une élite. Les étudiants zambiens ont un comportement insulaire bien que non chauvin: ils ont peu d'amis parmi les étudiants qui viennent d'autres parties d'Afrique et aucun parmi les quelques étudiants blancs. La religion joue un grand rôle, ce qui n'a rien d'étonnant dans une société où L'influence des écoles et de la morale des missions n'a pas encore disparu. Les étudiants zambiens sont aussi individualistes dans le choix de leurs amis que les étudiants de n'importe quel autre pays. Ils semblent souvent plus solitaires et avoir plus grand besoin d'un confident que les étudiants anglais et suf-africains.     

Reporting an experiment: A case study in leveling,sharpening, and assimilation

A survey of a number of social psychology books reveals glaring errors in the reporting of the findings in the now classic experiment by Schachter on deviation and rejection. Authors all too frequently have assimilated and sharpened their summaries of this study to a general theme, omitting important details inconsistent with their theme, and also misrepresenting the results in important ways. The tendency to reject opinion deviates may not be as strong as is commonly supposed in social psychology texts and clearly is a far more complicated phenomenon than social psychologist typically indicate to their readers and students.     

The role of eye movements in the perception of visually induced autokinesis

Changes in eye position were recorded physiologically while S experienced visually induced autokinesis. Eye movements did not seem to sufficiently explain this phenomenon. Apparent motion was found to be based upon a change in phenomenal rather than retinal location. Special consideration was given to those parameters possibly responsible for paradoxical motion.     

Note on use of extreme criterion groups in item discrimination analysis

The purpose of this note is to reconsider the Kelley-Cureton definition of optimal extreme groups for estimating item-criterion correlations. Optimal tail per cents are derived, using the criterion of minimum sampling variance of the tetrachoric correlation coefficient, and the findings are related to earlier work of Mosteller. It is shown that upper and lower 27 per cent groups yield the most precise estimate of the tetrachoric coefficient only when the population correlation is close to zero. When the population value is .4, extreme 20 per cent groups provide estimates with the smallest sampling error variance. It is further shown, however, that 27 per cent extremes yield highly efficient estimates. Thus no change is recommended in traditional item analysis procedures.     

An appraisal of the validity of the factor loadings employed in the construction of the primary social attitude scales

In this article the authors examine the effect of including alternate test forms in a factor matrix upon the validity of the resultant factor loadings, finding that in this particular instance the effect is negligible. Comparisons of the factor loadings derived from matrices in which only one of the alternate test forms is included with those in which both forms are included reveal practically no difference in the magnitude of either the original or rotated factor loadings, or in that of the computed communalities.     

The interpreter's personality in Draw-A-Person interpretation: a study of interpersonal style

This study investigated the relationship between accuracy in figure drawing interpretation and interpersonal style. Subjects were 66 undergraduates who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Interpersonal Check List (ICL), and a figure drawing interpretation task. The MMPI and ICL were scored and interpreted using Leary's Interpersonal System, which provides for a multilevel assessment of interpersonal functioning. Interpretive skill was found to be associated with "affiliative" interpersonal styles (p < .05), and lack of interpretive skill was associated with "disaffiliative" interpersonal styles (p < .05) at two of the three levels examined. The role of unconscious processes in figure drawing interpretation, the nature of the interpretive process, and implications for the selection of skilled interpreters are discussed with reference to the interpersonal characteristics of the interpreter.