A recurrent problem in interpreting research showing differential reactions to the sexes is that such results may reflect real behavior differences among those observed or differential expectations of those observing. This study used a methodology which allowed these two competing explanations to be tested by assessing whether subjects' ratings of taped interactants whose gender was ambiguous would be determined mainly by what gender the subjects thought the interactants were or by the interactants' behavior. The results showed that the causes of the sex differences in assessments differed depending on what type of assessment was being made. Specifically, behavior differences and not observers' expectations about such differences largely determined observers' ratings of specific attributes of the interactants, but observers' expectations and not behavior differences determined observers' general ratings of masculinity/femininity. 相似文献
Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at elevated risk for depressive conditions, which in turn can negatively impact health-related behaviours and the course of illness. The present study tested the role of autobiographical memory specificity and its interaction with perceived stress in the persistence of depressive symptoms among dysphoric HIV-positive individuals. Additionally, we examined whether rumination and social problem solving mediated these effects. Results indicated that memory specificity moderated the impact of perceived stress, such that perceived stress was more strongly associated with follow-up depressive symptoms among those with greater memory specificity. Rumination, but not social problem solving, mediated this effect. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
Squirrel monkeys were trained on a multiple schedule in which 10-min periods on a continuous shock avoidance schedule, indicated by a yellow light, alternated with 10-min periods on a 1.5-min variable interval schedule of food reinforcement (VI 1.5). A white light indicated that VI 1.5 was in effect, except for the middle 2 min of the period on VI 1.5, in which a blue light appeared and terminated with the delivery of a 0.5-sec unavoidable shock. Stable response rates developed in the avoidance and VI 1.5 components. However, the highest response rates occurred in the blue, preshock stimulus. A series of experiments showed that responding in the blue stimulus persisted even when responding had been extinguished on both the VI schedule of food reinforcement and the shock avoidance schedule. Responding in the blue stimulus ceased when the blue stimulus terminated without shock or when it terminated with a response-contingent shock. Each time responding ceased, it was restored by terminating the blue stimulus with an unavoidable shock. When the blue stimulus was on throughout each session and unavoidable shocks were delivered at regular 10-min intervals, responding was well maintained. These results show that in monkeys that have been trained on a continuous avoidance schedule, unavoidable shocks can maintain responding even under conditions where responses have no programmed consequences. 相似文献
The monetary choice questionnaire (MCQ) and similar computer tasks ask preference questions in order to ascertain indifference,
the perceived equivalence of immediate versus larger delayed rewards. Indifference data are then fitted with a hyperbolic
function, summarizing the decline in perceived value with delay time. We present a fitting method that estimates the hyperbolic
parameterk directly from survey responses. Binary preferences are modeled as a function of time (X2) and a transformed reward ratio (X1), yielding logistic regression coefficients β2 and β1. The hyperbolic parameter emerges ask = β2/β1, where the logistic predictedp = .5 (the definition of indifference). The MCQ was administered to 1,073 adolescents and was scored using both standard and
logistic methods. The means for ln(k) were similar (standard, −4.53; logistic, −4.51), and the results were highly correlated (ρ = .973). Simulated MCQ data showed
thatk was unbiased, except where β1 ≥ −1, indicating a vague survey response. Jackknife standard errors provided excellent coverage. 相似文献
Sex Roles - Rape is an underreported and underconvicted crime. Therefore, many highly sexually aggressive men are missed by research employing judicial identification for sample selection. The... 相似文献
This study evaluated the internal and external validity of self-report and parent-report measures of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in South Korean adolescents. Adolescents (N =?469, ages 13–17 years; 50.2% boys) completed self-report measures of SCT and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN) in addition to measures of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social problems, and grades. Parents rated adolescents on SCT, ADHD-IN, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and social problems. Using adolescent self-report, 11 of 15 SCT symptoms showed convergent and discriminant validity with ADHD-IN. Using parent-report, all 15 SCT symptoms showed convergent and discriminant validity with ADHD-IN. For within source analyses, SCT showed unique and stronger associations than ADHD-IN with internalizing psychopathology whereas ADHD-IN showed unique and stronger associations than SCT with externalizing psychopathology. SCT and ADHD-IN showed similar unique associations with social problems, whereas ADHD-IN was more strongly related than SCT to grades. Across source analyses also supported the differential unique associations of SCT and ADHD-IN with internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies. This study provides initial evidence for the internal and external validity of SCT with South Korean adolescents, extending support for the transcultural validity of SCT to the important developmental period of adolescence.