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231.
We set out to validate the structure of the Dual Process Model of Workplace Diversity in a South African work setting contrasting black and white African employees. The study participants were a convenience sample of 296 public service employees (black = 73.3%, female = 59%, 90.7% between the age 18 and 40 years; white = 25.7%, female = 58%, 67.1% between the age of 18 and 40 years). They completed measures of acculturation antecedents (positive and negative conditions), mediators (integration as positive strategy to deal with diversity and separation as negative strategy), and outcomes (work success and ill-health). Using multi-group path analysis, we found race-based invariance of the Dual Process Model, with black employees self-reporting diversity relations in a more favourable way compared to white employees. We conclude that the Dual Process Model is supported for research use in the South African workplaces. 相似文献
232.
233.
Gmeindl L Nelson JK Wiggin T Reuter-Lorenz PA 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2011,73(7):2130-2142
In what form are multiple spatial locations represented in working memory? The present study revealed that people often maintain the configural properties (interitem relationships) of visuospatial stimuli even when this information is explicitly task-irrelevant. However, the results also indicated that the voluntary allocation of selective attention prior to stimulus presentation, as well as feature-based perceptual segregation of relevant from irrelevant stimuli, can eliminate the influence of stimulus configuration on location-change detection performance. In contrast, voluntary attention cued to the relevant target location following presentation of the stimulus array failed to attenuate these influences. Thus, whereas voluntary selective attention can isolate or prevent the encoding of irrelevant stimulus locations and configural properties, people, perhaps due to limitations in attentional resources, reliably fail to isolate or suppress configural representations that have been encoded into working memory. 相似文献
234.
Verbal information is coded naturally as ordered representations in working memory (WM). However, this may not be true for
spatial information. Accordingly, we used memory span tasks to test the hypothesis that serial order is more readily bound
to verbal than to spatial representations. Removing serial-order requirements improved performance more for spatial locations
than for digits. Furthermore, serial order was freely reproduced twice as frequently for digits as for locations. When participants
reordered spatial sequences, they minimized the mean distance between items. Participants also failed to detect changes in
serial order more frequently for spatial than for verbal sequences. These results provide converging evidence for a dissociation
in the binding of serial order to spatial versus verbal representations. There may be separable domain-specific control processes
responsible for this binding. Alternatively, there may be fundamental differences in how effectively temporal information
can be bound to different types of stimulus features in WM. 相似文献
235.
In primates, dominance/submission relationships are generally automatically and nonaggressively established in face-to-face confrontations. Researchers have argued that this process involves an explicit psychological stress-manipulation mechanism: Striding with a threatening expression, while keeping direct eye contact, outstresses rivals so that they submissively avert their gaze. In contrast, researchers have proposed a reflexive and implicit modulation of face-to-face confrontation in humans, on the basis of evidence that dominant and submissive individuals exhibit vigilant and avoidant responses, respectively, to facial anger in masked emotional Stroop tasks. However, these tasks do not provide an ecologically valid index of gaze behavior. Therefore, we directly measured gaze responses to masked angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions with a saccade-latency paradigm and found that increased dominance traits predict a more prolonged gaze to (or reluctance to avert gaze from) masked anger. Furthermore, greater non-dominance-related reward sensitivity predicts more persistent gaze to masked happiness. These results strongly suggest that implicit and reflexive mechanisms underlie dominant and submissive gaze behavior in face-to-face confrontations. 相似文献
236.
Dana?A.?WeinerEmail author Scott?C.?Leon Michael?J.?Stiehl 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(6):758-770
The effective delivery of wraparound depends upon the availability of a wide range of community-based services. This study
seeks to determine the impact of proximity to resources on the effectiveness of a wraparound program for stabilizing foster
care placements among a sample of youth. We present a methodology for deriving proximity scores for individual clients using
Geographic Information Systems technology, and incorporate this score into a model for predicting placement disruption among
youth in foster care receiving services within a wraparound model aimed at preventing placement disruptions. Cox Regression
is used to predict length of time until placement disruption using clinical, demographic, and service proximity measures.
Risk of placement disruption is predicted by trauma experiences, risk behaviors, and age, and is reduced by the presence of
child strengths and proximity to resources. The impact of proximity to resources on placement disruption varies by land use
type, suggesting that proximity exerts a greater impact on youth in rural and suburban areas than in urban areas where wraparound
service delivery models may be able to overcome distance and other barriers. Implications for the implementation of wraparound
programs as well as service system planning are discussed. 相似文献
237.
Three studies confirm the existence of the return trip effect: The return trip often seems shorter than the initial trip,
even though the distance traveled and the actual time spent traveling are identical. A pretest shows that people indeed experience
a return trip effect regularly, and the effect was found on a bus trip (Study 1), a bicycle trip (Study 2), and when participants
watched a video of someone else traveling (Study 3). The return trip effect also existed when another, equidistant route was
taken on the return trip, showing that it is not familiarity with the route that causes this effect. Rather, it seems that
a violation of expectations causes this effect. 相似文献
238.
In this article, we investigate the merits of an enactive view of cognition for the contemporary debate about social cognition. If enactivism is to be a genuine alternative to classic cognitivism, it should be able to bridge the ??cognitive gap??, i.e. provide us with a convincing account of those higher forms of cognition that have traditionally been the focus of its cognitivist opponents. We show that, when it comes to social cognition, current articulations of enactivism are??despite their celebrated successes in explaining some cases of social interaction??not yet up to the task. This is because they (1) do not pay sufficient attention to the role of offline processing or ??decoupling??, and (2) obscure the cognitive gap by overemphasizing the role of phenomenology. We argue that the main challenge for the enactive view will be to acknowledge the importance of both coupled (online) and decoupled (offline) processes for basic and advanced forms of (social) cognition. To meet this challenge, we articulate a dynamic embodied view of cognition. We illustrate the fruitfulness of this approach by recourse to recent findings on false belief understanding. 相似文献
239.
240.
Woodward’s interventionist theory of causation is beset by a problem of circularity: the analysis of causes is in terms of interventions, and the analysis of interventions is in terms of causes. This is not in itself an argument against the correctness of the analysis. But by requiring us to have causal knowledge prior to making any judgements about causation, Woodward’s theory does make it mysterious how we can ever start acquiring causal knowledge. We present a solution to this problem by showing how the interventionist notion of causation can be rationally generated from a more primitive agency notion of causation. The agency notion is easily and non-circularly applicable, but fails when we attempt to capture causal relations between non-actions. We show that the interventionist notion of causation serves as an appropriate generalisation of the agency notion. Furthermore, the causal judgements based on the latter generally remain true when rephrased in terms of the former, which allows one to use the causal knowledge gained by applying the agency notion as a basis for applying Woodward’s interventionist theory. We then present an overview of relevant empirical evidence from developmental psychology which shows that our proposed rational reconstruction lines up neatly with the actual development of causal reasoning in children. This gives additional plausibility to our proposal. The article thus provides a solution to one of the main problems of interventionism while keeping Woodward’s analysis intact. 相似文献