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271.
272.
Social science instruments are not neutral. The concepts they are imbedded in, the aspects of reality they enable us to see, all have social and political consequences. That school psychologists need to pay close attention to the sociopolitical implications of their assessment instruments is illustrated through the woeful history of the use and misuse of the concept of intelligence in the United States during the first third of this century. 相似文献
273.
274.
Leon C. Lack 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1974,15(1):193-200
The control of binocular rivalry (BR) was reintroduced as an example of selective attention after several decades. Ss passively observed BR in a stereoscopic tachistoscope and, at an undetermined phase of rivalry, received an instruction signal to attend to one of the rivalry patterns. Letter test stimuli were presented to either the instructed (I) eye or noninstructed (NI) eye 1, 3, 5, or 7 sec following the instruction signal. The difference between the eyes in recognition performance (I-NI) provided an objective measure of control, which was correlated with previously used measures based on subjective reports of rivalry alternation rates. Subjective and objective measures showed correlated increases as a result of practice of control. The fact that the objective measure reached a peak value at the 3-sec delay of test stimuli suggested a minimum time to shift attention and maximum time to maintain attention in BR. In addition, it was found that the control of BR results in a change of signal strength with no associated change in the use of confidence ratings, a result similar to that found with selective attention in dichotic listening. 相似文献
275.
This article provides a series of historical reflections (for a period corresponding roughly to the past 20 or 30 years) on the evolving QOL status of older consumers. It uses a two-category QOL framework consisting ofobjective components (e.g., socioeconomic indicators, health and longevity, housing and family living arrangements, and gender differences) andsubjective components (e.g., life satisfaction and cognitive age) to explore the QOL of older consumers. It then examines the strategic reality of diversity and speculates on strategic implications of these QOL observations. 相似文献
276.
Two decades of literature and discussion on the topic of therapist-client sexual relationships have revealed much about the nature and consequences of these relationships and have produced an explicit prohibition against such relationships in American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principle 6a. This article reviews the literature as it relates to the ethically gray area of sex with former clients. The relative lack of an empirical basis for extending the prohibition of Principle 6a to posttermination relationships is noted. This article describes concepts from three theoretical perspectives about psychotherapy that support an extension of the prohibition to sexual relationships with ex-clients. 相似文献
277.
Leon Gumański 《Studia Logica》1980,39(1):63-75
Some requirements concerning deontic logic are formulated and discussed. Stress is laid on the need to distinguish between theories and deductive systems. It is argued that deontic theories need not be closed under the rule of detachment. Two deontic calculi, called DSC1, DSC2, are presented and talked over.This paper was delivered before the Conference on Practical and Philosophical Motivations of Non-Classical Logics, Toru, August 16, 1979. 相似文献
278.
Recent efforts have demonstrated classical conditioning of human systolic pressure (De Leon, 1972). The present research attempted a replication with longer sessions and to maximize the CS+, CS? differentiation by varying CS+ durations. Student volunteers (N = 64) underwent four, 50 minute sessions, three conditioning and one extinction, distributed over two weeks. Shock (UCS) occurred intermittently in light-on (CS+) and never in light-off (CS?). Results closely replicated the earlier work, revealing a characteristic UCR, a significant CS+, CS? differential and, conditioned elevations failed to adapt within and across sessions. The pressure differential was inversely related to CS+ duration. Clarification of conditioning influences requires followup research on these clients outside of the laboratory. Nevertheless, these studies provide firm experimental evidence for implicating stimulus variables in the origins of certain hypertensive states. 相似文献
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280.
David E. Meyer David E. Kieras Erick Lauber Eric H. Schumacher Jennifer Glass Eileen Zurbriggen Leon Gmeindl Dana Apfelblat 《Acta psychologica》1995,90(1-3):163-190
A new theoretical framework, the EPIC (Executive-Process/Interactive-Control) architecture, provides the basis for accurate detailed computational models of human multiple-task performance. Contrary to the traditional response-selection bottleneck hypothesis, EPIC's cognitive processor can select responses and do other procedural operations simultaneously for multiple concurrent tasks. Using this capacity together with flexible executive control of peripheral perceptual-motor components, EPIC computational models account well for various patterns of mean reaction times, systematic individual differences in multiple-task performance, and influences of special training on people's task-coordination strategies. These diverse phenomena, and EPIC's success at modeling them, raise strong doubts about the existence of a pervasive immutable response-selection bottleneck in the human information-processing system. The present research therefore helps further characterize the nature of discrete versus continuous information processing. 相似文献