不同发展阶段的习得性长时程突触增强对新学习的影响

在慢性实验条件下观察到大鼠由学习训练所产生的海马CA_3区习得性长时程突触增强,它的不同发展阶段对新学习任务的习得有不同的作用:(1)在它的形成阶段及巩固阶段对新学习均有易化作用,虽然两个阶段突触效应增强的程度都处于相同的高水平,但后者的易化作用相对要大些,提示这两个发展阶段突触的可塑性变化是有差异的;还有,新学习任务的训练并没有引起突触效应的进一步增强,表明突触效应的长时程增强有“饱和”现象。(2)在它消退后,对新学习任务的习得没有影响。上述结果提示学习的组织形式不同,可从突触机制上影响学习的效果,并进一步证明习得性长时程突触增强是学习和记忆的神经基础。     

离散交叠作业中反应选择与反应组织加工关系的研究

实验结果支持反应选择瓶颈理论,并证实反应组织是在反应选择阶段完成的多任务之一。因此,反应组织不具备瓶颈性质。     

上下文熟悉效应对元记忆监测和记忆的影响

在认知任务中,伴随编码和检索的外围信息被称为上下文,其本身并不是编码或检索的目标。如果学习时的上下文在其后进行提取时重复出现,不管是否对应之前的学习项目,都会增加个体再认正确的概率。这种由于上下文增强项目熟悉感而促进记忆效果的现象就称为上下文熟悉效应。本研究通过两个实验探究上下文熟悉效应对元记忆监测及记忆的影响机制。其中,元记忆监测是以学习判断和信心判断为指标。记忆成绩则是以再认正确率为指标。研究结果显示:第一,上下文熟悉效应影响元记忆监测:学习判断等级上,恢复条件显著高于新条件,且不受任务难度影响; 信心判断等级上,简单任务时恢复条件与新条件无显著差异,困难任务时恢复条件显著高于新条件。第二,上下文熟悉效应影响记忆成绩:再认成绩上,简单任务时新条件显著高于恢复条件; 困难任务时恢复条件显著高于新条件。研究得出结论:上下文熟悉效应对元记忆监测和记忆都有显著影响,任务难度起调节作用。     

Age-related differences in the use of spatial and categorical relationships in a visuo-spatial working memory task

Research examining object identity and location processing in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) has yielded inconsistent results on whether age differences exist in VSWM. The present study investigated whether these inconsistencies may stem from age-related differences in VSWM sub-processes, and whether processing of component VSWM information can be facilitated. In two experiments, younger and older adults studied 5 × 5 grids containing five objects in separate locations. In a continuous recognition paradigm, participants were tested on memory for object identity, location, or identity and location information combined. Spatial and categorical relationships were manipulated within grids to provide trial-level facilitation. In Experiment 1, randomizing trial types (location, identity, combination) assured that participants could not predict the information that would be queried. In Experiment 2, blocking trials by type encouraged strategic processing. Thus, we manipulated the nature of the task through object categorical relationship and spatial organization, and trial blocking. Our findings support age-related declines in VSWM. Additionally, grid organizations (categorical and spatial relationships), and trial blocking differentially affected younger and older adults. Younger adults used spatial organizations more effectively whereas older adults demonstrated an association bias. Our finding also suggests that older adults may be less efficient than younger adults in strategically engaging information processing.     

等级反应模型项目特征曲线法等值研究

主、客观题并用的测验建项目反应理论题库需作多级模型项目参数等值,本研究推演了等级反应模型下项目特征曲线等值方法并在实际等值试验中获得成功.     

Culture and perceptions of self—other similarity

In testing possible cultural effects of the use of the self as an habitual reference point to which others are compared, we expected that: (a) individualistic participants (i.e., those who give priority to personal goals) would rate self—other similarity higher when asked “How similar is X to you?” than when asked “How similar are you to X?”, whereas nondirectional similarity judgements (“How similar are these two people?”) would resemble the former directional comparison; (b) collectivistic participants (i.e., those who give priority to in‐group goals) would show a weaker or, possibly, reversed pattern, especially using in‐group comparison others. Neither hypothesis was upheld. However, the individualists perceived the in‐group to be relatively more similar to themselves as compared to the collectivists. This difference cannot be explained by response bias, status asymmetry, or role differentiation. We propose an explanation in terms of the differential relationship between self and other representations for people from collectivist versus individualist cultures.     

呈现方式与认知方式对文章标记效应的影响

采用纸笔呈现和视频显示终端(video display terminab,VDT)呈现两种形式,探讨了认知方式与文章标记类型对文章阅读效果的影响,结果表明: (1)文章标记对不同认知方式的读者影响不同,无论有无文章标记,场独立者对各类信息的保持量没有明显的变化,而文章的宏观标记能够使场依存者的阅读指向发生改变,场依存者会更加注意与标记有关的内容; (2)呈现方式对文章信息的保持量有显著的影响,纸笔呈现方式下,被试的信息保持量明显好于VDT呈现方式; (3)在VDT呈现条件下,场独立者对主题性信息的保持量显著高于场依存者.     

展开模型对EPQ反应数据的拟合调查

调查了拓广等级展开模型（GGUM）对EPQ反应数据的拟合情况。结果发现：（1）E量表最符合GGUM单维性的假设,即得到2个线性主成分,项目在这2个主成分上的负荷略微呈现一个半圆形的模式;（2）约束GGUM的阈限参数在项目间相等而得到的模型A在对EPQ的数据进行分析时是最简洁而有效的：（3）模型A和2PLM相比,前者在E和P上的拟合显著优于后者,在N上,两个模型提供了相似的拟合度。结果表明展开模型比优势模型更适合用于分析EPQ的数据。     

网络怠工研究:回顾与展望*

网络怠工是员工基于网络平台而产生的一种工作场所偏差行为。近十年来,员工网络怠工问题开始为人力资源管理和组织行为学研究人员所重视。本文回顾网络怠工的由来、定义及测量;介绍网络怠工的社会交换理论、组织公正感理论和中和技术理论;分析员工人口学特征、个体心理以及环境因素对网络怠工的影响的研究;整合网络怠工的理论研究,提出网络怠工现有研究存在的问题,并对未来研究发展提出了展望。     

Chinese students' attitudes towards US universities in the US–China conflict

Globalization has been the catalyst of world economic development in the past decades. However, the phenomenon has recently been severely challenged by a wave of deglobalization. Within this new trend, the conflict between the United States (US) and China has attracted the attention of scholars from various fields because of the two countries' significance in the world economy. In this study, we focus on the higher education sector, which is highly relevant to globalization, and explore the factors that may affect Chinese college students' attitudes towards US universities, including country image, cultural openness, consumer animosity and perceived quality. In particular, we distinguish between cognitive and affective animosity and test their different impacts on students' attitudes. The results show that students' perception of the US's image positively influences attitudes towards the country's universities thanks to the mediation of perceived quality. Moreover, cultural openness and cognitive animosity are positively related to attitudes, whereas affective animosity exerts a negative impact on attitudes. The implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.