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In 2 experiments we assessed younger and older adults' ability to remember contextual information about an event. Each experiment examined memory for 3 different types of contextual information: (a) perceptual information (e.g., location of an item); (b) conceptual, nonemotional information (e.g., quality of an item); and (c) conceptual, emotional information (e.g., safety of an item). Consistent with a large literature on aging and source memory, younger adults outperformed older adults when the contextual information was perceptual in nature and when it was conceptual, but not emotional. Age differences in source memory were eliminated, however, when participants recalled emotional source information. These findings suggest that emotional information differentially engages older adults, possibly evoking enhanced elaborations and associations. The data are also consistent with a growing literature, suggesting that emotional processing remains stable with age (e.g., Carstensen & Turk-Charles, 1994, 1998; Isaacowitz, Charles, & Carstensen, 2000). 相似文献
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Whitaker S Lowe CF Wearden JH 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2003,29(4):277-291
Three experiments studied timing in rats on 2-valued mixed-fixed-interval schedules, with equally probable components, Fixed-Interval S and Fixed-Interval L (FI S and FI L, respectively). When the L:S ratio was greater than 4, 2 distinct response peaks appeared close to FI S and FI L, and data could be well fitted by the sum of 2 Gaussian curves. When the L:S ratio was less than 4, only 1 response peak was usually visible, but nonlinear regression often identified separate sources of behavioral control, by FI S and FI L, although control by FI L dominated. Data were used to test ideas derived from scalar expectancy theory, the behavioral theory of timing, and learning to time. 相似文献
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Acalculia: An historical review of localization 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This article reviews the brain localization of calculation disorders (acalculia) beginning with Gall's claim in the early 19th century for a "center" of calculation. A renewed interest in the subject arose around the time of Henschen during the first quarter of the 20th century. A summary of the cases of acalculia since Henschen leads to the conclusion that regardless of the functional modular nature of calculation ability, there is neither a localized region nor a specific hemisphere uniquely underlying the disorder. 相似文献
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In the negative compatibility effect (NCE) a masked prime arrow, pointing left or right, is followed by an unmasked (visible) target arrow. The task is to press the left or right switch corresponding to the visible arrow. Surprisingly, reaction time is longer (slowed) when the prime and target indicate the same, rather than different, responses. By contrast, the effect of an unmasked prime is positive-opposite to the NCE. This indicates that the NCE is not attributable to incomplete masking; to the extent that the prime is visible, the NCE would be reduced by this positive influence. Thus, the NCE appears to result from unconscious processing of the prime and, in that sense, may be a form of subliminal perception. Additional findings show that the NCE is due to inhibition of a response code, that it is automatic in that it occurs even if the information in the prime and target could be ignored, and that it also influences response selection. 相似文献
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Whitaker D Graham C Severtson SG Furr-Holden CD Latimer W 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(1):131-138
Motivational theorists in psychology have moved away from individual-based approaches to socio-cognitive and socio-ecological
models to explain student engagement and motivation for learning. Such approaches consider, for example, the influence of
family and neighborhood environments as important constructs in youth behavior. In this study, links between neighborhood
condition (e.g. external appearance of the blocks nearest to the respondents’ home), family dysfunction, and motivation for
learning are investigated. Data were obtained from two hundred and sixteen (216) urban African American middle school children
enrolled in a substance use prevention intervention. Analytic models show associations between poor neighborhood condition,
and both family dysfunction and lower learning motivation, and poor neighborhood condition and lower learning motivation.
Family dysfunction was also found to mediate the effect of neighborhood condition on motivated learning. Neighborhood and
family characteristics are important determinants of urban schoolchildren’s motivation for learning. 相似文献
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Contemporary feedback researchers have adopted theoretical perspectives in which personal characteristics interact with aspects of the feedback environment to influence feedback-related perceptions, feedback seeking, and job performance. To test these assertions, this study incorporates implicit person theory, uncertainty reduction theory, and Korman's theory of work motivation (2001) to develop a model that links a critical aspect of the feedback environment (feedback quality) and goal orientation to perceptions of feedback utility, feedback seeking, role clarity, and task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Results from supervisor–subordinate dyadic data (N?=?202) obtained from employed students largely support the hypothesized model. Implications are discussed. 相似文献