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241.
A Defining Presidential Moment: 9/11 and the Rally Effect 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Public approval ratings of George W. Bush surged after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. This study used a quasi–experimental, within–respondents design to investigate the relative contribution of five factors to this classic rally effect: the stimulus event itself, Bush's speech that evening, media exposure, partisan support, and gender effects. Respondents were pretested on the morning of the attacks; one group was posttested immediately after the speech, another group 41 hours later. Stability of effects was examined through an additional study of Bush's 20 September 2001 speech to a joint session of Congress. The findings indicate that Bush's 11 September speech was the critical factor in this rally effect; none of the other factors contributed significantly. 相似文献
242.
Peter R. Muehrer Peter Salovey Abdelmonem A. Afifi James C. Coyne Ann M. Kring Michael H. Merson Thomas R. Prohaska Ronald H. Rozensky 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2002,9(4):253-265
The behavioral and public health sciences both have a long and rich history supporting basic, translational, and applied research aimed at improving human lives and reducing human suffering. Through the complementary expertise of these disciplines, investigators have contributed to significant, worldwide improvements in mental and physical health. Further gains can be achieved through collaborative research among scientists in these 2 fields. Unfortunately, there are a number of barriers to such collaboration originating in different intellectual traditions, research methods, and the structure and values of academia. We identify these barriers and potential strategies for overcoming them. Several areas for future collaborative research appear promising, especially comorbid mental and physical disorders, adherence to interventions, stigma, and emotional processes. Theory-guided preventive interventions may represent especially fertile areas of collaborative effort. 相似文献
243.
A field study exposed 235 high school students to anti‐smoking advertisements over a five‐month period to test the effectiveness of short‐term cosmetic versus long‐term health fear appeals in preventing or reducing smoking. The study was a longitudinal experiment with two experimental groups and a control group. Smoking behaviour was measured prior to message exposure on television, in magazines and on the internet, and at the end of the study period. The primary results were that average smoking declined for subjects exposed to either type of anti‐smoking fear appeal but not for the control group and short‐term cosmetic fear appeals were more effective for males but long‐term health fear appeals were more effective for females. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications. 相似文献
244.
Barbara Ann Strassberg 《Zygon》2003,38(1):169-184
In this essay I explore the heuristic value of the concept of ethics of complexity, chaos, and contingency by applying its framework to the analysis of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Everyday human moral choices are outcomes of a moral impulse, and such an impulse is grounded in moral competence shaped by moral literacy. This literacy is constructed on the basis of a body of knowledge of culture, social context, environment, and the universe. It also includes the knowledge of religions and religious and secular ethical codes. I also distinguish between the social and cultural aspects of ethical systems. Both societies and cultures provide resources and constraints for the development of literacy and competence. An intentionally developed multifaith and multidisciplinary coalition may help us move away from various forms of social speciation and toward sociological mindfulness. This could help us remake the world into one that has more courage to care. 相似文献
245.
Ann J. Cahill 《希帕蒂亚:女权主义哲学杂志》2003,18(4):42-64
This paper explores the conditions under which feminine beautification constitutes a feminist practice. Distinguishing between the process and product of beautification allows us to isolate those aesthetic, interapos;Subjective, and embodied elements that empower rather than disempower women. The empowering characteristics of beautification, however, are difficult and perhaps impossible to represent in a sexist context; therefore, while beautifying may be a positive experience for women, being viewed as a beautified object in current Western society is almost always opposed to women's equality and autonomy. 相似文献
246.
Stephen Sutton David P. French Susie J. Hennings Jo Mitchell Nicholas J. Wareham Simon Griffin Wendy Hardeman Ann Louise Kinmonth 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(3):234-251
The authors of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and its extension, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) recommend that
researchers who use these theories to investigate the determinants of a given behaviour should first conduct an elicitation
study to identify the modal salient beliefs in the target population. In spite of the importance accorded to salient beliefs
by the TRA/TPB, the elicitation stage has received little research attention. This paper reports a detailed analysis of beliefs
about “being more physically active in the next 12 months.” A general population sample of 213 adults completed a questionnaire
while attending a research centre for a series of tests. The findings showed that the beliefs that were elicited by questions
designed to prompt affective outcomes (like or enjoy, dislike or hate) differed systematically from those that were elicited
by the traditional questions designed to prompt instrumental out-comes (advantages and disadvantages). Whether this resulted
in different final sets of modal salient beliefs was found to depend on the particular decision rule that was employed. An
alternative decision rule is proposed, based on maximizing the degree of overlap between the modal set and the full set of
salient beliefs generated by the sample. The index of overlap can be used to gauge the adequacy of using a modal set of a
given size to represent the salient beliefs of the whole sample. In the current dataset, the optimal modal set for “advantages
and disadvantages” was associated with only 26 percent overlap with the salient beliefs of the whole sample, which was judged
to be insufficient. In such cases, a better strategy may be to ask participants to generate and rate their own beliefs. 相似文献
247.
248.
249.
Joshua Fogel Steven M Albert Freya Schnabel Beth Ann Ditkoff Alfred I Neugut 《Health psychology》2002,21(4):398-404
Many Web sites offer information to breast cancer patients, who are increasingly using these sites. The authors investigated the potential psychological benefits of Internet use for medical information by breast cancer patients. Of the 251 women approached, 188 were successfully interviewed (74.9%). Forty-two percent used the Internet for medical information related to breast health issues and did so for an average of 0.80 hr per week. The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List and the UCLA Loneliness Scale, with results controlled for covariates, showed that Internet use for breast health issues was associated with greater social support and less loneliness than Internet use for other purposes or nonuse. Breast cancer patients may obtain these psychological benefits with only a minimal weekly time commitment. 相似文献
250.
Ralph R. Miller Carolyn Greco Nancy A. Marlin Mary Ann Balaz 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1985,37(2):81-100
Events occurring during the retention intervals for a 5-min delayed alternation task were used to investigate the factors that influence retroactive interference. Appetitive reinforcement in an E-maze was employed to train rats on the delayed alternation task consisting of a forced-choice (target event) trial followed by a free-choice (test) trial. Occasional probe trials added a potentially interfering event either at the beginning, middle, or end of the retention period. These events also varied in similarity to the target events, ranging from low similarity to the converse of the target event. Interference increased both with the interval between the target and intervening events and with the similarity between the converse of the target event and the intervening event; however, there was no tendency, significant or otherwise, towards an interaction between stimulus similarity and the interval between the target and intervening events. Control groups demonstrated that the interference was of an associative nature and that the interval between the intervening event and the test trial was little consequence. These results are discussed in terms of two separate types of interference: similarity interference which depends on stimulus similarity of the intervening event to the converse of the target event but not on the temporal location of the intervening event, and processing interference which depends on the temporal location of the intervening event but not on its similarity to the converse of the target event. 相似文献