Decomposing filial piety into filial attitudes and filial enactments

In an attempt to explore the attitude-behaviour relationship, the present study examined the mixed findings from research on filial piety by differentiating filial attitudes from filial behaviours. The Filial Behaviour Scale was developed to tap the behavioural manifestations of filial piety, and its nomological network was established in two Chinese contexts, Hong Kong and Beijing. In addition to filial attitudes, we used values, social beliefs, and self-construals to explain filial behaviours. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the value factor of conservation and the social axiom of reward for application predicted filial behaviour above and beyond filial attitudes; an interdependent self-construal moderated the effect of cultural group on filial behaviour. Gender and regional differences in filial piety were also examined. Males were found to score higher on filial attitudes, but not significantly higher on filial behaviours. Regional differences existed in filial behaviours, but not in filial attitudes, with Mainland Chinese displaying a higher level of filial behaviours than their Hong Kong counterparts. These identified differences suggest the importance of differentiating filial attitudes from filial behaviours in future attempts to understand Chinese filiality.     

What is in a word? No versus Yes differentially engage the lateral orbitofrontal cortex

The words "No" and "Yes" are involved in conditioning to prohibit or encourage behavior, respectively. The authors, therefore, hypothesized that these words would be attributed to endogenous valence, activating neuronal circuits involved with valence and emotional control. Functional MRI (fMRI) at 4 Tesla was used to record regional brain activity while participants were exposed to emphatic vocalizations of the words. Results showed that No and Yes were associated with opposite brain-behavior responses; while No was negatively valenced, produced slower response times, and evoked a negative signal in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), Yes was positively valenced, produced faster response times, and evoked a positive signal in a contiguous region of the OFC. Attribution of negative valence to No and trait anger control were associated with increased responsivity of the OFC to No. Inasmuch as sensitivity to the prohibitive command No develops during childhood through interaction with primary caregivers as the first social objects, our findings may implicate the lateral OFC in the neurobiology of emotion regulation and subsequent social development.     

A technique for simulating visual field losses in virtual environments to study human navigation

The following paper describes a new technique for simulating peripheral field losses in virtual environments to study the roles of the central and peripheral visual fields during navigation. Based on Geisler and Perry's (2002) gaze-contingent multiresolution display concept, the technique extends their methodology to work with three-dimensional images that are both transformed and rendered in real time by a computer graphics system. In order to assess the usefulness of this method for studying visual field losses, an experiment was run in which seven participants were required to walk to a target tree in a virtual forest as quickly and efficiently as possible while artificial head and eye-based delays were systematically introduced. Bilinear fits were applied to the mean trial times in order to assess at what delay lengths breaks in performance could be observed. Results suggest that breaks occur beyond the current delays inherent in the system. Increases in trial times across all delays tested were also observed when simulated peripheral field losses were applied compared to full FOV conditions. Possible applications and limitations of the system are discussed. The source code needed to program visual field losses can be found at lions.med.jhu.edu/archive/turanolab/Simulated_Visual_Field_Loss_Code.html.     

反事实思维两大理论：范例说和目标－指向说

反事实思维是个体对不真实的条件或可能性进行替换的一种思维过程。该文通过综合国外许多研究者的研究成果,探讨了反事实思维的定义、分类以及反事实思维的两大理论：范例说和目标－指向说。范例说认为反事实思维的激发是自动化过程,影响反事实思维产生的因素包括：正常性、结果的效价、与替代结果的接近性、前提的突变性和前提的突出性。目标－指向说则认为反事实思维的激发过程同样受目标、情绪控制、态度等认知因素的影响     

儿童早期词汇获得的词类差

儿童早期词汇获得存在词类差异,很多语言中名词比例都要高于其他词类,因此一些研究者提出“名词优势”理论。但是,一些对汉语和韩语的研究发现,儿童早期获得的动词比例与名词没有显著差异,甚至高于名词,同时汉语和韩语动词比例也远大于英语动词比例。针对不同语言儿童早期获得的动、名词比例差异现象,研究者认为语言结构特征和成人对孩子的言语输入可以解释不同语言儿童早期词汇中动、名词比例的差异,其中成人言语中词类的频率、单词位置、词形变化复杂性和语用等因素都会影响儿童早期词汇获得。此外,不同的词汇测量方法、观察情境、词类定义、词汇量水平、单词理解与说出也会造成不同研究结果之间的差异     

自尊与自我效能关系的辨析

作为自我结构中的核心成分,自尊与自我效能既相互关联又彼此区分。从概念上看,自尊是“做人”的自我评价,自我效能是“做事”的自我评价。从测量上看,自尊注重测量整体结构,自我效能强调测量领域关联的特殊结构。从功能上看,自尊旨在调节消极性评价反馈和终极性心理健康,自我效能则具有动力性功能。从影响因素上看,自尊决定于早期的成长经历以及后来的补偿性经验;而自我效能决定于个人近期直接或间接的成败经验和个人身心状态等因素     

英美法系中的心理学专家证人

专家证人指的是根据法庭的要求,依靠专业知识和技术,就法庭审案过程中所涉及的有关本专业的内容,向法庭提供的有科学依据的书面报告并直接出庭作证的各学科的专家。心理学专家证人就是心理学专家作为专家证人进行出庭作证。英美法系与我国实行的大陆法系存在着差异,该文希望通过系统地介绍英美法系心理学专家证人的发展历史及作用、心理学专家证人的工作程序、存在的争议、已有的实证研究等,为国内法律界和心理学界开辟一个新的视角,并探讨心理学专家证人在我国司法系统实施的可能性     

城市化进程中被征地新居民的心理反应与需求状况研究

以东、西部被征地新居民为对象,通过访谈和问卷调查,着重考察了被征地新居民对土地被征用的情绪反应、行为变化和需求状况。结果发现:大多数被征地新居民都为土地被征用而担心生计问题;在土地被征用后,只有个别被征地新居民(不到6.4%)的生活水平和生活满意度有所提高,但比较西部地区,东部地区被征地新居民的情形要好得多;绝大多数被征地新居民虽然迫切希望解决他们所面临的问题,但尚无如何帮助他们的具体建议、也无自身如何努力的具体方向。研究认为,有关部门应加强对被征地新居民的再社会化培训和教育。     

多面体的一面:第二语言学习的社会化过程

第二语言学习过程是社会互动情景中的言语活动,"热"的社会化过程是第二语言学习过程的有机组成部分;形成第二语言情景下的文化心理参照系认知能力和文化适应能力是第二语言的言语能力重要内容;第二语言学习过程中的言语变异现象部分源于学习者的社会心理结构特征。     

竞争情境、认知风格对学生运算性程序知识学习迁移的影响

研究竞争情境对不同性别、认知风格学生运算性程序知识学习迁移的影响。结果发现：1对于不同类型的迁移题,竞争对不同认知风格学生的学习迁移有不同的影响。其表现为：对于同型题,场独立倾向学生在竞争情境下的迁移成绩要显著高于非竞争情境,场依存倾向学生在竞争情境下的学习成绩明显低于非竞争情境。对于近迁移和远迁移题,场独立和场依存倾向学生迁移成绩差异不显著;2对于不同类型的迁移题,竞争对不同性别学生的学习迁移具有不同影响。其表现为：对于远迁移题,在非竞争情境下,男生和女生的迁移成绩差异不显著;在竞争情境下,男生和女生的迁移成绩差异显著,男生的成绩要明显优于女生;对于同型题和近迁移题,男生和女生的迁移成绩差异不显著。