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991.
Knechtle B Joleska I Wirth A Knechtle P Rosemann T Senn O 《Perceptual and motor skills》2010,111(1):105-106
Inter- and intra-judge reliabilities of skinfold measures were investigated in a sample of 27 men and 11 women ultramarathon runners. Two physicians had agreement higher than 90% in field measurements before an ultramarathon race. 相似文献
992.
The current project investigated why people with high levels of Openness/Intellect tend to have higher levels of cognitive functioning than people with lower levels of Openness/Intellect. We hypothesized that the positive relationship between Openness/Intellect and cognition might be attributable to more open people being more likely to engage in cognitively stimulating activities that are beneficial for cognitive functioning. Three conceptualizations of activity engagement based on: (a) self ratings of duration and intensity of engagement; (b) perceived routineness of one's activities; and (c) disposition to engage in cognitively stimulating activities, were investigated as possible mediators of the Openness/Intellect-cognition relations. Although several of the relevant simple correlations were of moderate size and statistically significant, we found little evidence that activity engagement mediated the relations between Openness/Intellect and cognition. 相似文献
993.
We show that human observers using monocular viewing treat the pencil of 'visual rays' that diverges from the vantage point as experientally parallel. This oddity becomes very noticeable in the case of wide-angle presentations, where the angle subtended by a pair of visual rays may be as large as the angular size of the display. In our presentations such angles subtended over 100 deg. There are various ways to demonstrate the effect; in this study we measure the attitudes of pictorial objects that appear to be situated in mutually parallel attitudes in pictorial space. Our finding is that such objects appear parallel if they are similarly oriented with respect to the local visual rays. This leads to 'errors' in the judgment of mutual orientations of up to 100 deg. Although this appears to be the first quantitative study of the effect, we trace it to qualitative reports by Helmholtz (late 19th century) and Kepler (early 17th century) as well as speculation by early authors (AD 500). The effect has apparently been noticed by visual artists from the late middle ages to the present day. 相似文献
994.
The present study examined cross-modal selective attention using a task-switching paradigm. In a series of experiments, we
presented lateralized visual and auditory stimuli simultaneously and asked participants to make a spatial decision according
to either the visual or the auditory stimulus. We observed consistent cross-modal interference in the form of a spatial congruence
effect. This effect was asymmetrical, with higher costs when responding to auditory than to visual stimuli. Furthermore, we
found stimulus-modality-shift costs, indicating a persisting attentional bias towards the attended stimulus modality. We discuss
our findings with respect to visual dominance, directed-attention accounts, and the modality-appropriateness hypothesis. 相似文献
995.
Kevin Real Andrea D. Mitnick William F. Maloney 《Journal of business and psychology》2010,25(2):303-313
Purpose
The objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which generational differences exist among skilled workers within a single construction trade. Although Millennials have been the focus of attention in media reports and popular management literature, little attention has been paid to empirical examinations of skilled trade workers. 相似文献996.
Alexander Heinemann Andrea Kiesel Carsten Pohl Wilfried Kunde 《Consciousness and cognition》2010,19(1):399-407
In masked priming tasks responses are usually faster when prime and target require identical rather than different responses. Previous research has extensively manipulated the nature and number of response-affording stimuli. However, little is known about the constraints of masked priming regarding the nature and number of response alternatives. The present study explored the limits of masked priming in a six-choice reaction time task, where responses from different fingers of both hands were required. We studied participants that were either experts for the type of response (skilled typists) or novices. Masked primes facilitated responding to targets that required the same response, responses with a different finger of the same hand, and with a homologous finger of the other hand. These effects were modulated by expertise. The results show that masked primes facilitate responding especially for experts in the S–R mapping and with increasing similarity of primed and required response. 相似文献
997.
Memory for objects declines when people move from one location to another (the location updating effect). However, it is unclear whether this is attributable to event model updating or to task demands. The focus here was on the
degree of integration for probed-for information with the experienced environment. In prior research, the probes were verbal
labels of visual objects. Experiment 1 assessed whether this was a consequence of an item-probe mismatch, as with transfer-appropriate
processing. Visual probes were used to better coordinate what was seen with the nature of the memory probe. In Experiment
2, people received additional word pairs to remember, which were less well integrated with the environment, to assess whether
the probed-for information needed to be well integrated. The results showed location updating effects in both cases. These
data are consistent with an event cognition view that mental updating of a dynamic event disrupts memory. 相似文献
998.
John C. Churchwell Andrea M. Morris Nicholas D. Musso Raymond P. Kesner 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(3):415-421
The prefrontal cortex is thought to be critical for goal-directed action and the hippocampus is known to be importantly involved in spatial memory. Several studies have been suggestive of a role for the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in spatial navigation. However, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) receives projections directly from the intermediate CA1 (iCA1) region of hippocampus and this link may be critical for spatial navigation. The purpose of the present investigation was to test the performance of rats receiving bilateral or disconnection infusions of lidocaine into OFC, mPFC, or iCA1 to determine the contribution of these structures to encoding and retrieval of spatial memory using the Hebb–Williams maze. A total of 92 male Long-Evans rats received chronic bilateral, contralateral, or ipsilateral implantation of cannulas into OFC, mPFC, or iCA1. Prior to testing on day 1 or day 2, subjects received central infusions of saline or lidocaine. The number of errors committed on the first five trials compared to the second five trials of day 1 was used to determine encoding, whereas retrieval was determined by comparing the second five trials of day 1 with the first five trials of day 2. The present findings suggest that mPFC and iCA1 are necessary and interact during encoding and retrieval; however, the OFC does not appear to be essential for either process. While the nature of the interaction between mPFC and iCA1 during encoding and retrieval is unclear, it may be supported by the integration of goals and spatial cues or strategy switching. 相似文献
999.
Manuela Piazza Andrea Facoetti Anna Noemi Trussardi Ilaria Berteletti Stefano Conte Daniela Lucangeli Stanislas Dehaene Marco Zorzi 《Cognition》2010,116(1):33-41
Developmental dyscalculia is a learning disability that affects the acquisition of knowledge about numbers and arithmetic. It is widely assumed that numeracy is rooted on the “number sense”, a core ability to grasp numerical quantities that humans share with other animals and deploy spontaneously at birth. To probe the links between number sense and dyscalculia, we used a psychophysical test to measure the Weber fraction for the numerosity of sets of dots, hereafter called number acuity. We show that number acuity improves with age in typically developing children. In dyscalculics, numerical acuity is severely impaired, with 10-year-old dyscalculics scoring at the level of 5-year-old normally developing children. Moreover, the severity of the number acuity impairment predicts the defective performance on tasks involving the manipulation of symbolic numbers. These results establish for the first time a clear association between dyscalculia and impaired “number sense”, and they may open up new horizons for the early diagnosis and rehabilitation of mathematical learning deficits. 相似文献
1000.
In a conditional discrimination each of two sample stimuli indicates which of two comparison stimuli is correct. When correct choice following each conditional stimulus is followed by a different outcome (one kind of food following one, a different kind of food following the other) it often facilitates acquisition and improves memory. In transfer designs, in which two different conditional discriminations are followed by the same two differential outcomes, outcome expectation can be shown to be sufficient for comparison choice. That is, the samples from one conditional discrimination are matched to comparisons from the other conditional discrimination based on the common outcomes alone. In the present study we asked if for pigeons the relative value of the differential outcomes (higher versus lower value) can serve as the basis for comparison choice, independent of other characteristics of the outcomes and of differential sample responding. That is, would different outcomes that could be described as “good” and “better” form two stimulus classes. For one conditional discrimination, the differential outcomes involved differential probability of reinforcement for choice of the correct comparison stimulus (0.80 vs. 0.20 for correct choice of the two comparisons, respectively). For the other conditional discrimination, the differential outcomes involved differential responding to the two comparison stimuli (5 pecks vs. 20 pecks to the correct comparisons, respectively). On test trials, when conditional stimuli from the two conditional discriminations were interchanged and the relative value of the differential outcomes could serve as the only basis for comparison choice, we found positive transfer. The results indicate that relational attributes of outcomes can serve as effective cues for comparison choice. 相似文献