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191.
Career exploration is a critical process for child and adolescent development leading people toward suitable work and developing a vocational identity. The present study examined the role of motivational precursors, namely work valences and personal agency beliefs, in explaining in-breadth and in-depth career exploration. Given the dynamic nature of motivation, we teased apart the between-person differences and within-person variabilities in motivational precursors to examine how they are independently associated with career exploration. Two hundred one high school students comprised the sample and were surveyed three consecutive years. Results revealed that work valences and agency beliefs were associated with career exploration at both the between- and within-person level. Further, when individuals exhibited greater level of agency beliefs and positive valences, they were more likely to exhibit more in-depth exploration one year later. Implications for career guidance are discussed. 相似文献
192.
193.
Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2018,40(1):86-92
The seven articles featured in this Special Section on “Child Psychopathic Traits for Specifying Conduct Disorder” collectively prosecute an important tension in the field: despite evidence that psychopathic traits in children, adolescent, and adults are multidimensional, callous-unemotional (CU) traits have evolved to nearly eclipse the construct of youth psychopathic traits. That is, does inclusion of grandiosity and impulsivity, and related psychopathic constructs improve predictive models? Employing a rich array of methods, these studies converged to suggest that using the entire constellation of psychopathic traits significantly improved predictions of key criteria. Crucially, predictions were consistent across development, multiple external criteria, and diversely recruited samples (e.g., community, incarcerated). From a developmental psychopathology framework (Cicchetti 2008), I synthesize the theoretical and empirical implications of these studies and offer perspectives on future directions. In particular, there is an urgent need to elucidate mechanisms from psychopathic traits to important clinical, public health, and functional outcomes; identification of potential causal processes is necessary to establish the validity of psychopathic traits and to ultimately innovate intervention and prevention efforts. 相似文献
194.
Shirag K. Shemmassian Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(1):1-10
Although parents and teachers are valid informants in the assessment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), there is relatively little systematic research on how these ratings should be optimally combined. We compared four
methods of ADHD assessment to determine how well they identified impaired children: (1) parent only, (2) teacher only, (3)
parent or teacher (‘or rule’), and (4) parent and teacher (‘and rule’). We obtained parent and teacher ratings of ADHD from
the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale on 232 5- to 10-year-old children (69% male; 47% Caucasian) with (n = 121) and without (n = 111) ADHD. We used receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and seemingly unrelated regression analyses (SUR) to
evaluate how accurately each method identified categorically- and dimensionally-defined measures of functional impairment.
Parent ratings of ADHD optimally identified globally impaired children based on categorical and dimensional measures. However,
teacher ratings of ADHD most accurately identified children who were negatively regarded by peers using categorical, but not
dimensional, measures. No ADHD assessment method effectively identified children with academic difficulties. Although multiple
informants are valuable in the assessment of ADHD, no single method was consistently superior in identifying impaired children
across domains. We consider alternative assessment strategies in ADHD as well as other potential factors that may contribute
to modest agreement among informants. 相似文献
195.
Grande TL Hallman J Rutledge B Caldwell K Upton B Underwood LA Warren KM Rehfuss M 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2012,30(3):365-369
Varying risk factors for both incarceration and mental health diagnoses have been identified for female juveniles, highlighting the need for gender-specific assessments and treatment protocols. The purpose of this study is to determine how the prevalence rates of mental health symptoms differ in male and female juvenile offenders. It was hypothesized that the prevalence rates would be greater for females than males. This study found significant differences between males and females on several clinical scales. These findings are consistent with past studies that have identified differences in mental health symptoms between genders. 相似文献
196.
Avital E. Falk Steve S. Lee 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(2):172-181
There is evidence that negative parenting positively predicts oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD)
and that children’s callous-unemotional (CU) traits may moderate this association. However, it is largely unknown if CU traits
show similar interactive effects with positive parenting for ODD/CD. 208 ethnically diverse (56% Caucasian) 6–9 year-old children
with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were ascertained using multiple methods and informants for
ODD, CD, and CU traits. CU traits, corporal punishment, positive parenting, and each of their interactions with CU traits
were unrelated to parent- and teacher-rated ODD. Corporal punishment and CU traits were similarly unrelated to parent- and
teacher-rated CD. However, positive parenting inversely predicted parent-reported CD symptoms and it was significantly moderated
by CU traits. Positive parenting was negatively associated with CD at low to moderate levels of CU traits, but it was unrelated
to CD at high levels of CU traits. Children with elevated levels of CU traits exhibited significantly higher levels of CD
symptoms that were largely independent of positive parenting behavior. We discuss these findings within a developmental psychopathology
framework to provide further perspectives on reciprocal influences between parenting behavior and CU traits in the development
of ODD and CD. 相似文献
197.
Attention and social functioning and their interrelationships have not been routinely examined in children with early brain insult (EBI). This study aimed to describe attention and social functioning in children with two types of EBI: malformations of cortical development (MCD) and stroke. Children diagnosed with MCD (n = 14, 6 males) or stroke (n = 14, 8 males) aged 8 to 14 years (M = 12 years 11 months) completed neuropsychological assessments to examine attention processes. Primary caregivers completed a questionnaire to assess executive components of children's attention and teachers completed a questionnaire to measure children's social functioning. Brain scans (MRI or CT) were coded by a pediatric neuroradiologist. Higher rates of impairments in attention and social function were found in children with EBI compared with normative expectations. Children with MCD experienced more global and clinically significant levels of impairment than children with stroke; though impairments were present in both groups. A strong association between executive components of attention and social function was observed. In addition, complex attention processes were associated with social function. The findings emphasize the reciprocity between attention, behavior and social outcomes, and the vulnerability of social function following EBI. 相似文献
198.
Jung YH Kang DH Byun MS Shim G Kwon SJ Jang GE Lee US An SC Jang JH Kwon JS 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2012,15(1):97-104
Meditation may show differential effects on stress and plasma catecholamines based on genetic polymorphisms in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT). Eighty adults (40 men, 40 women; mean age 26 years) who practiced meditation regularly and 57 healthy control adults (35 men, 22 women; mean age 26 years) participated. Plasma catecholamines (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and dopamine (DA)) concentrations were measured, and a modified form of the Stress Response Inventory was administered. The results were analyzed using two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with control and meditation subjects, gene polymorphism as factors, and meditation duration as the covariate. Two-way ANCOVA showed a significant interaction between control and meditation subjects, and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on DA/NE+DA/E (p = 0.042) and NE/E+NE/DA (p = 0.046) ratios. A significant interaction was found for control and meditation subjects with COMT Val158Met polymorphism and plasma NE concentrations (p = 0.009). Post hoc ANCOVA in the meditation group, adjusted for meditation duration, showed significantly higher plasma NE concentrations for COMT Met carriers than COMT Val/Val subjects (p = 0.025). Significant differences of stress levels were found between the control and meditation subjects in BDNF Val/Met (p < 0.001) and BDNF Met/Met (p = 0.003), whereas stress levels in the BDNF Val/Val genotype did not differ between the control and meditation groups. This is the first evidence that meditation produces different effects on plasma catecholamines according to BDNF or COMT polymorphisms. 相似文献
199.
Difficulties with social interactions and restrictive and repetitive interest patterns or behaviors are common among individuals
with Asperger syndrome. These difficulties often pose barriers to establishing and maintaining social relationships. In the
current study, 2 different interventions were compared that focused on improving the social interactions of a 14-year-old
adolescent with Asperger syndrome. A reversal design was used to compare the effectiveness of video feedback and in vivo self-monitoring
on inappropriate and appropriate social interactions during activities with a teacher. The procedures were replicated during
activities with peers, and generalization was assessed during activities with the adolescent’s mother. Although video feedback
resulted in slight reductions in inappropriate behavior, larger reductions occurred during in vivo self-monitoring. Treatment
acceptability data indicated high participant satisfaction with both interventions; however, the in vivo self-monitoring was
rated as slightly preferred. 相似文献
200.
Meejung Chin Jaerim Lee Soyoung Lee Seohee Son Miai Sung 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(1):53-64
We provide a comprehensive review of family policy in South Korea (Korea hereafter) for international readers. Alarmed by
recent social and demographic changes, the Korean government has started to establish explicit family policies from the mid
2000s. These policies have signified a symbolic attention shift to family matters in the history of social policy in Korea.
In this paper, we focus on three areas of family policy: (a) work-family policies, (b) a healthy family policy, and (c) a
policy for multi-cultural families. Work-family policies aim to help working families with young children balance work responsibilities
and family caregiving through multiple leave options and child care support. The Framework Act on Healthy Families, the first
explicit family policy in Korea, requires local governments to provide family services through Healthy Family Support Centers.
The Multi-Cultural Family Support Act also established a formal support system for multi-cultural families with immigrant
spouses, a population group that has recently increased in Korea. We further discuss the domestic and comparative contexts
of Korean family policy and provide suggestions for the remaining challenges. 相似文献