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71.
72.
Jörg R. J. Schirra 《Kognitionswissenschaft》1997,6(4):177-195
How can we explain that an assertion on something perceived can be understood in the same manner by somebody who cannot perceive that scene? This problem bases the interest in computational linguistics in how listener modeling could possibly be harmonized with reference semantics. Mental images substituting real perception appear as a way out. The architecture of the listener model has to be adapted to the creation and use of such pictorial data structures. Furthermore, the relation between the latter and a verbal (i. e., propositional) representation must be understood. The resulting architecture of a listener model with reference semantics can be employed to solve communicational problems from three general classes in a better way, as is demonstrated by an example implementation. 相似文献
73.
Effects of learning contexts on implicit and explicit learning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yuh-Shiow Lee 《Memory & cognition》1995,23(6):723-734
Two parallel tasks involving rule learning were identified in Experiment 1A and were used to assess implicit and explicit learning. In both tasks, subjects had to input numbers in order to reach the target values of outputs. The relationship between inputs and outputs was either simple (in the simple task) or complex (in the complex task), and the way in which target values were presented could be in the form of either numbers (in the simple task) or lines (in the complex task). Experiment 1B examined the validity of the explicit measure in the complex task. Experiments 2–4 investigated the interaction between learning contexts and the simple/complex learning tasks. Verbalization and instructions to search for the rules facilitated the simple-task learning and hurt or have no effect on the complex-task learning. In the observational-learning condition, no learning occurred for the simple task, and the complex task learning was impaired. These results suggest that the complex task and simple task involve two distinct learning systems. Other implications are also discussed. 相似文献
74.
Michelle Bidaut-Russell Wendy Reich Linda B. Cottler Lee N. Robins Wilson M. Compton Richard E. Mattison 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1995,23(5):641-659
To identify reasons for discrepancies between parent and child reports of child/adolescents's psychiatric symptoms, parents and adolescents (51 pairs) were asked to guess what the other would answer to questions from the PC-DISC about the adolescent's psychiatric symptoms, and to explain why they expected disagreement when the answer they provided for the other was different from their own. Adolescents' explanations for expecting (1) parental denial of symptoms the adolescent reported were: the parent was unaware of, forgot about, assumed the adolescent could not have, or trivialized the symptom; and (2) parental report of symptoms the adolescent denied were: the parent misread or exaggerated the adolescent's symptom, had too high expectations for the adolescent's behavior, put a negative label on or did not trust the adolescent. Parents' reasons for expecting their children to (1) deny symptoms the parents reported were: the adolescent did not remember how s/he felt, lied, did not recognize or minimized the importance or frequency of the symptom; and (2) report symptoms the parents denied were: the adolescent lied, exaggerated the importance of or interpreted the symptom differently.Support for this work was provided by National Institute of Drug Abuse grant number DA-05585 (Dr. Cottler, P.I.), and National Institute of Mental Health grants numbers MH-31302 (Dr. R. C. Cloninger, P.I.) and MH-17104 (Dr. Cottler, P.I.).Address all correspondence, including reprint requests, to Michelle Bidaut-Russell, Ph.D, MPH, MPE, Department of Psychiatry, Box 8134, Washington University School of Medicine, 4940 Children's Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. 相似文献
75.
Marilyn Friedman 《希帕蒂亚:女权主义哲学杂志》1995,10(2):56-68
Feminist ethics supports the contemporary educational trend toward increased multiculturalism and a diminished emphasis on the Western canon. First, I outline a feminist ethical justification for this development. Second, I argue that Western canon studies should not be altogether abandoned in a multicultural curriculum. Third, I suggest that multicultural education should help combat oppression in addition to simply promoting awareness of diversity. Fourth, I caution against an arrogant moralism in the teaching of multiculturalism. 相似文献
76.
RESPONSE STYLE AND CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS OF RATING SCALES AMONG EAST ASIAN AND NORTH AMERICAN STUDENTS 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Abstract— This report examines cross-cultural differences in response style regarding the use of rating scales Subjects were high school students 944 from Sendai (Japan), 1,357 from Taipei (Taiwan), 687 from Edmonton and Calgary (Canada), and 2,174 from the Minneapolis metropolitan area and Fairfax County, Virginia Responses to fifty-seven 7-point Likert-type scales were analyzed The Japanese and Chinese students were more likely than the two North American groups to use the midpoint on the scales, the U S subjects were more likely than the other three groups to use the extreme values Within each cultural group, endorsement of individualism was positively related to the use of extreme values and negatively related to the use of the midpoint These small, albeit statistically significant, differences in response styles generally did not alter cross-cultural comparisons of item means. 相似文献
77.
Lester D. Friedman Ph.D. 《The Journal of medical humanities》1995,16(4):223-228
This essay argues that film deserves a place within the medical humanities curriculum and demonstrates effective strategies for employing it within medical ethics and humanities classrooms. Part One of the article emphasizes how and why medical ethics teachers can utilize documentary and fictional films, such as “Thomas Szasz and the Myth of Mental Illness,” “The Deadly Deception,”Whose Life Is It Anyway? and “Voices From the Front” in their courses. Such films encourage students to move beyond abstract debates and confront the human pain inherent in all ethical dilemmas. Part Two focuses on documentary and fiction film in the medical humanities classroom. In this section, the author details how to incorporates films, such asThe Doctor, The Waterdance andHospital, into the humanities classroom, juxtaposing them with various literary works, such asOther Women's Children, Borrowed Time, andCeremony. Part Three of the essay presents a detailed discussion ofThe Elephant Man andFrankenstein, illustrating how visual and literary texts compliment each other within the humanities classroom. Overall, the author demonstrates how films function as engaging and complex visual texts providing unique insights in the particularities of American health care and, as such, can become valuable components within medical ethics and humanities classrooms. 相似文献
78.
Richard A. Tyrrell Ph.D. Julian F. Thayer Bruce H. Friedman Herschel W. Leibowitz Ellie L. Francis 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1995,30(1):46-67
Although the eyes and the heart serve very different purposes, each receives autonomic innervation. Capitalizing on recent
theoretical and technological innovations in the understanding and assessment of oculomotor and cardiovascular behavior, three
experiments measured behavioral covariation between the oculomotor and cardiovascular systems. Measures of dark focus and
dark vergence indexed oculomotor tone, and the spectral decomposition of variations in heart rate indexed cardiovascular control
mechanisms. In Experiment 1, individual differences in cardiovascular parameters could predict individuals’ dark vergence
(R2=.806) but not their dark focus (R2=.404). In Experiment 2, the same parameters were measured from subjects who experience either panic attacks (n=11) or blood phobia (n=9). Heart rate was positively correlated with dark vergence and the two subject groups were separable based on both oculomotor
and cardiovascular variables. Using a within-subjects approach, Experiment 3 found that both dark vergence and dark focus
tended to be nearer during sympathetic dominance of the heart than during parasympathetic dominance, within-subjects variations
in cardiovascular parameters could predict dark focus, and between-subjects variations in interbeat intervals could predict
dark vergence. Shared patterns of autonomic activation may be responsible for this eye-heart link. 相似文献
79.
This article presents an interview conducted with Dr. Clemmont E. Vontress, a pioneering scholar in the field of multicultural counseling. In this interview. Dr. Vontress reflects on his long and distinguished career and the evolution of multicultural counseling as professional discipline. 相似文献
80.
Norman M. Kiracofe Patsy A. Donn Charles O. Grant Edward E. Podolnick Rosie P. Bingham Herbert R. Bolland Clarke G. Carney Judith Clementson Robert P. Gallagher Richard D. Grosz Lee Handy Janet H. Hansche Judith K. Mack Donald Sanz Lilly J. Walker Kerry T. Yamada 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,73(1):38-43
The accreditation standards outlined in the article are used by the International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., as the basis for the formal accreditation of college and university counseling programs throughout the United States and Canada. They reflect the program elements and practice standards that are deemed essential in a counseling center that provides high-quality services to students. 相似文献