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51.
Young and older adults studied word pairs and later discriminated studied pairs from various types of foils including recombined word-pairs and foil pairs containing one or two previously unstudied words. We manipulated how many times a specific word pair was repeated (1 or 5) and how many different words were associated with a given word (1 or 5) to tease apart the effects of item familiarity from recollection of the association. Rather than making simple old/new judgments, subjects chose one of five responses: (a) Old-Old (original), (b) Old-Old (rearranged), (c) Old-New, (d) New-Old, (e) New-New. Veridical recollection was impaired in old age in all memory conditions. There was evidence for a higher rate of false recollection of rearranged pairs following exact repetition of study pairs in older but not younger adults. In contrast, older adults were not more susceptible to interference than young adults when one or both words of the pair had multiple competing associates. Older adults were just as able as young adults to use item familiarity to recognize which word of a foil was old. This pattern suggests that recollection problems in advanced age are because of a deficit in older adults' formation or retrieval of new associations in memory. A modeling simulation provided good fits to these data and offers a mechanistic explanation based on an age-related reduction of working memory. 相似文献
52.
Risky sexual behaviors are behaviors that involve the possibility of an adverse outcome, such as contracting a sexually transmitted infection or unwanted pregnancy. The question of whether risky sexual behavior exists as a discrete class (i.e., taxon) or as a dimensional construct has not previously been explored. The authors performed a set of taxometric analyses on 4 factor scales derived from the Sexual Risk Survey (Turchik & Garske, 2009) with data from 1,103 college students. The results provided consistent support for a dimensional latent structure in which variations in reported risky sexual behavior reflect differences in degree and not differences in kind. The implications of these findings for the assessment of risky sexual behavior are discussed. 相似文献
53.
Leah McClimans 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2010,31(3):225-240
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly used to assess multiple facets of healthcare, including effectiveness,
side effects of treatment, symptoms, health care needs, quality of care, and the evaluation of health care options. There
are thousands of these measures and yet there is very little discussion of their theoretical underpinnings. In her 2008 Presidential
address to the Society for Quality of Life Research (ISOQoL), Professor Donna Lamping challenged researchers to grapple with
the theoretical issues that arise from these measures. In this paper, I attempt to do so by arguing for an analogy between
PROMs and Hans-Georg Gadamer’s logic of question and answer. While researchers readily admit that the constructs involved
in PROMs are imperfectly understood and lack a gold standard, they often ignore the consequences of this fact. Gadamer’s work
on questions and their importance to philosophical hermeneutics helps to show that the questions researchers ask about such
constructs are also imperfectly understood. I argue that these questions should not be standardized, and I instead propose
a theoretical framework that understands PROMs as posing genuine questions to respondents—questions that are open to reinterpretation. 相似文献
54.
Much variability in social behavior is intra-individual; people vary their actions strategically across contexts. Yet most personality assessment methods are inter-individual; they chart between-person differences in average behavioral tendencies. The present research advanced novel idiographic assessment methods to predict intra-individual variability in a behavioral domain of long-standing interest to personality psychologists: humor. Individuals participated in three assessment sessions. Personal beliefs about reasons for using humor were assessed either idiographically or with respect to a nomothetic system of humor-related reasons for action. The subjective relevance of nomothetically- and idiographically-identified reasons to everyday social situations was assessed. Subsequently, participants reported their perceived likelihood of using humor in specific social contexts. As predicted, likelihood of humor use varied substantially as a function of the relevance of situations to idiographically-identified reasons, but did not vary as a function of the relevance of situations to reasons identified nomothetically. Implications for personality and assessment are discussed. 相似文献
55.
A two-dimensional model that employs explicit and implicit attitudes to characterize prejudice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Son Hing LS Chung-Yan GA Hamilton LK Zanna MP 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(6):971-987
In the authors' 2-dimensional model of prejudice, explicit and implicit attitudes are used to create 4 profiles: truly low prejudiced (TLP: double lows), aversive racists (AR: low explicit modern racism/high implicit prejudice), principled conservatives (PC: high explicit modern racism/low implicit prejudice), and modern racists (MR: double highs). Students completed an Asian Modern Racism Scale and an Asian/White Implicit Association Test. The authors compared the 4 groups' prejudice-related ideologies (i.e., egalitarianism/humanism and social conservatism) and economic/political conservatism (Study 1, N=132). The authors also tested whether MR but not PC (Study 2, N=65) and AR but not TLP (Study 3, N=143) are more likely to negatively evaluate an Asian target when attributional ambiguity is high (vs. low). In support of the model, TLP did not hold prejudice-related ideologies and did not discriminate; AR were low in conservatism and demonstrated the attributional-ambiguity effect; PC did not strongly endorse prejudice-related ideologies and did not discriminate; MR strongly endorsed prejudice-related ideologies, were conservative, and demonstrated the attributional-ambiguity effect. The authors discuss implications for operationalizing and understanding the nature of prejudice. 相似文献
56.
Jesse A. Brinson Leah Brew Ramona Denby 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(1):11-17
The purpose of this article is to describe a classroom approach for training counseling students in the area of cross‐cultural competence. The authors describe real scenarios that form the foundation for an intensive classroom discussion and lecture format regarding cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. 相似文献
57.
We assessed whether mindfulness (active categorization) can prevent automatic stereotype-activated behaviors related to the
elderly. Eighty participants (mean age = 24.4) were given a set of photographs to prime the dimension Old
Age and were asked to categorize them multiple times, to see whether the effect of the prime could be reduced through increased
mindfulness. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, where they were asked to categorize the photographs
across (1) four self-generated categories; (2) four assigned categories; (3) a single category—Gender; or (4) a single category—Age.
Participants’ walking speed (cf. Bargh et al. 1996, Experiment 2) was then measured, as they moved between the two experimental stations. The results show that greater mindfulness
predicted greater walking speed, indicating a decrease in the effect of the automatic stereotype-activated behavior.
相似文献
Ellen J. LangerEmail: |
58.
Mechanisms that lead depressive symptoms to undermine parenting are poorly understood. This review examines cognitive, affective, and motivational processes thought to be responsible for the impact of depressive symptoms on parenting. We present a five-step, action-control model and review 152 studies relevant to 13 regulatory processes. Evidence suggests that depressive symptoms undermine parenting because they reduce child-oriented goals, undermine attention to child input, increase negative appraisals of children and parenting competence, activate low-positive and high-negative emotion, and increase positive evaluations of coercive parenting. Yet, this review reveals significant limitations in knowledge of these processes. Evidence that they mediate depression-parenting relations is scare; important processes remain unstudied; conceptions of regulation are undifferentiated; children’s contributions are largely unexamined; moderating variables are largely unexplored; and methods fail to capture the dynamics of processing input from children. Rigorous testing of such process models holds promise for clarifying the basis of depression-related parenting problems. 相似文献
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