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51.
Mechanisms that lead depressive symptoms to undermine parenting are poorly understood. This review examines cognitive, affective, and motivational processes thought to be responsible for the impact of depressive symptoms on parenting. We present a five-step, action-control model and review 152 studies relevant to 13 regulatory processes. Evidence suggests that depressive symptoms undermine parenting because they reduce child-oriented goals, undermine attention to child input, increase negative appraisals of children and parenting competence, activate low-positive and high-negative emotion, and increase positive evaluations of coercive parenting. Yet, this review reveals significant limitations in knowledge of these processes. Evidence that they mediate depression-parenting relations is scare; important processes remain unstudied; conceptions of regulation are undifferentiated; children’s contributions are largely unexamined; moderating variables are largely unexplored; and methods fail to capture the dynamics of processing input from children. Rigorous testing of such process models holds promise for clarifying the basis of depression-related parenting problems. 相似文献
52.
53.
Rita M. Shell Nancy Groppenbacher Mark W. Roosa Leah K. Gensheimer 《American journal of community psychology》1992,20(4):463-489
Examined several self-report items traditionally used to identify children of alcoholics for their utility in identifying mental health risk status. The meaning of children's responses to these items was also examined. Collectively, these items reflected children's concern about their parents' drinking. Across multiple studies, children who reported concern about parental drinking reported higher levels of psychological and behavioral problems. This pattern existed whether or not children had a problem-drinking parent. Discriminant analyses with data from child and mother reports showed that children who reported concern were from homes with greater stress, lower income, and less supportive mother-child relationships. 相似文献
54.
Joan S. Girgus Stanley Coren Leah Horowitz 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1973,13(1):157-160
Illusion decrement with prolonged inspection was used as a technique to assess the relative amount of central component in seven variants of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. Results indicate that all of the variant forms share a common, central component, while the peripheral components, such as lateral inhibition, vary as a function of the presence of converging lines in the illusion configurations. 相似文献
55.
M. J. Rosman 《Jewish History》1988,3(2):115-130
An earlier version of this paper was presented in July 1987 at a seminar of the University of Michigan's Center for Russian and East European Studies. This version was prepared during my tenure as a visitor at the university's history department. I would like to express my gratitude to the center, the department, and the university for their hospitality. 相似文献
56.
Two investigations were conducted to determine the nature of the relationship between facial reactions and surprise and humor ratings as suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis. In the correlational investigation, individual subjects showed a positive correlation between their spontaneous facial reactions and funniness ratings over 36 cartoons (within subjects). Subjects who were facially more reactive to all the cartoons, however, did not rate them as funnier than did subjects who were less facially reactive (between subjects). In the experimental investigation, spontaneous facial reactions were evoked by a discrepant weight and also were inhibited or amplified on verbal demand. Surprise and funniness ratings varied with spontaneous facial reactions but were unaffected when those reactions were voluntarily inhibited or amplified. The results were interpreted as not supporting the facial feedback hypothesis and suggested that facial reactions may only correlate with emotional experience.These investigations were supported by Ball State University Research Grants. 相似文献
57.
The transition from preschool to formal schooling constitutes an important developmental milestone for children and their
families. Very few empirical studies investigating the kindergarten transition for typically developing children have been
published, and fewer have examined transition experiences from the perspective of caregivers. The aims of our study were to
investigate: (1) parent concerns during transition, (2) perceived needs during transition, and (3) parent involvement in kindergarten
preparation activities. Parents/caregivers of 86 general education students transitioning to kindergarten completed a survey
assessing their concerns, needs, and involvement in transition preparation activities. Results suggest that although the majority
of parents expressed few concerns regarding their child’s kindergarten transition, a subset (i.e., 27.9%) reported significant
concerns. The areas of concern most often cited by families in this sample were socio-behavioral in nature. Parents in this
sample expressed a desire for various types of information during transition. Parents most often reported engaging in low
intensity transition practices characterized by generic forms of contact, rather than more individualized and intensive practices
often cited in the literature as best practices. In addition, parent involvement in transition preparation activities differed
by family socioeconomic status as well as district locale. This study offers practical suggestions and policy implications
for coordinating family and school efforts during children’s kindergarten transition. 相似文献
58.
McClimans L 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2011,32(6):389-401
Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly used as dependent variables in studies regarding the effectiveness of clinical
interventions. But patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) do not provide intuitively meaningful data. For instance, it
is not clear what a five point increase or decrease on a particular scale signifies. Establishing ‘interpretability’ involves
making changes in outcomes meaningful. Attempts to interpret PROMs have led to the development of methods for identifying
a minimum important difference (MID). In this paper, however, I draw on Charles Taylor’s distinction between weak and strong
evaluations to suggest that identifying a MID, specifically, a MID that uses a patient-reported reference group, may not provide
an adequate interpretation of these measures. Moreover, I argue that the difficulty with interpreting these measures is tied
to a larger problem concerning their validity. If researchers wish to interpret PROMs, they may first need to know more about
the constructs they attempt to measure, namely, quality of life. 相似文献
59.
There has been much philosophical interest regarding the ‘hierarchy of evidence’ used to determine which study designs are
of most value for reporting on questions of effectiveness, prognosis, and so on. There has been much less philosophical interest
in the choice of outcome measures with which the results of, say, an RCT or a cohort study are presented. In this paper, we
examine the FDA’s recently published guidelines for assessing the psychometric adequacy of patient-reported outcome measures.
We focus on their recommendations for demonstrating content validity and also for how researchers should weigh up the sum
of psychometric evidence when choosing these measures. We argue that questions regarding judgment and understanding meaning
of these measures should play a more central role in determining their adequacy. 相似文献
60.
The affective structure of supportive parenting: depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the maternal concerns and emotions that may regulate one form of sensitive parenting, support for children's immediate desires or intentions. While reviewing a videotape of interactions with their 1-year-olds, mothers who varied on depressive symptoms reported concerns and emotions they had during the interaction. Emotions reflected outcomes either to children (child-oriented concerns) or to mothers themselves (parent-oriented concerns). Child-oriented concerns were associated with fewer negative emotions and more supportive behavior. Supportive parenting was high among mothers who experienced high joy and worry and low anger, sadness, and guilt. However, relations depended on whether emotions were child or parent oriented: Supportive behavior occurred more when emotions were child oriented. In addition, as depressive symptoms increased, mothers reported fewer child-oriented concerns, fewer child-oriented positive emotions, and more parent-oriented negative emotions. They also displayed less supportive behavior. Findings suggest that support for children's immediate intentions may be regulated by parents' concerns, immediate emotions, and depressive symptoms. 相似文献