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81.
The affective structure of supportive parenting: depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the maternal concerns and emotions that may regulate one form of sensitive parenting, support for children's immediate desires or intentions. While reviewing a videotape of interactions with their 1-year-olds, mothers who varied on depressive symptoms reported concerns and emotions they had during the interaction. Emotions reflected outcomes either to children (child-oriented concerns) or to mothers themselves (parent-oriented concerns). Child-oriented concerns were associated with fewer negative emotions and more supportive behavior. Supportive parenting was high among mothers who experienced high joy and worry and low anger, sadness, and guilt. However, relations depended on whether emotions were child or parent oriented: Supportive behavior occurred more when emotions were child oriented. In addition, as depressive symptoms increased, mothers reported fewer child-oriented concerns, fewer child-oriented positive emotions, and more parent-oriented negative emotions. They also displayed less supportive behavior. Findings suggest that support for children's immediate intentions may be regulated by parents' concerns, immediate emotions, and depressive symptoms. 相似文献
82.
Magnitude is assumed to be represented along a holistic mental number line in adults. However, the authors recently observed a unit-decade compatibility effect for 2-digit numbers that is inconsistent with this "holisticness" assumption (H.-C. Nuerk, U. Weger, & K. Willmes, 2001). This study used the compatibility effect to examine whether the mental number line representation of magnitude changes toward greater or less holisticness in children from Grades 2-5. The results indicate that decades and units of 2-digit numbers are processed separately rather than holistically from Grade 2 on. However, this separate processing seems to develop from a more sequential (left-to-right) to a more parallel processing mode. Moreover, children may use different strategies depending on task demands. The results are interpreted in the framework of Siegler's overlapping waves model. 相似文献
83.
The present study examined the joint effects of repetition and response deadline on associative recognition in older adults. Young and older adults studied lists of unrelated word pairs, half presented once (weak pairs) and half presented four times (strong pairs). Test lists contained old (intact) pairs, pairs consisting of old words that had been studied with other partners (rearranged lures), and unstudied pairs (new lures), and participants were asked to respond "old" only to intact pairs. In Experiment 1, participants were tested with both short and long deadlines. In Experiment 2, the tests were unpaced. In both experiments, repetition increased hit rates for young and older adults. Young adults tested with a long deadline showed reduced (Experiment 1) or invariant (Experiment 2) false alarms to rearranged lures when word pairs were studied more often. Young adults tested with a short deadline and older adults tested under all conditions had increased false alarm rates forstrong rearranged pairs. Implications of these results for theories of associative recognition and cognitive aging are explored. 相似文献
84.
Dindo M. Campilan Gordon Prain Cherry Leah Bagalanon 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1999,11(4):114-131
This paper discusses the experience of a Philippines-based agricultural research program, where participatory evaluation is
embedded in a broader, user-centered participatory research approach. Three case projects illustrate and analyze participatory
evaluation of agricultural research in a developing country context. Different evaluation types are identified and their use
in different phases of the research process is discussed. These field experiences show how “evaluation from the inside” can
contribute to effective research planning and implementation, particularly in enhancing sensitivity to user needs and situations.
network for user participatory rootcrop R&D sponsored by the International Potato Center in Asia. Under his leadership, UPWARD
has increasingly sought to build participatory monitoring and evaluation into the network’s research and development activities.
He has a Ph.D. in communication and innovation studies from Wageningen Agricultural University in The Netherlands. Prior joining
UPWARD, Campilan worked with the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction and the Philippine Root Crop Research and
Training Center. His research interests include communication of innovations, institutional linkage development, participatory
research methods and tools, and strengthening local knowledge systems.
From 1991 until 1997 he was coordinator of Users’ Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) network.
He was previously based in Latin America. His main research interests include the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of crop
genetic diversity conservation and utilization involving ethnobotanical studies, on-farm conservation, and work on seed systems.
He is also interested in research on rural enterprise development. He has been actively involved in capacity building initiatives
among national agricultural researchers, especially in participatory research methods and planning techniques. He can be contacted
CIP-ESEAP, Kebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan Raya Ciapus, Bogor 16610, Indonesia, fax (62 251) 316 264, e-mail: G.Prain@cgiar.org.
Her major responsibilities include facilitating the network’s activities on sustainable crop management R&D and on capacity
building in participatory approaches and methods. At the UPWARD coordinating office, she is in charge of training, publications,
and information management. She has extensive training and hands on experience in the use of participatory methods and tools,
particularly through a Philippines project on soil resource management for sweetpotato production. She has an MSc in family
resource management and development communication from the University of the Philippines at Los Ba?os. Her research interests
include sustainable crop management, strengthening local R&D capacity, and field testing participatory methods and tools. 相似文献
85.
86.
We conducted an experiment to assess the contribution of internal auditing to organizational effectiveness. We randomly assigned 224 bank branches to experimental conditions (audited or not audited) and monitored their performance for a year. Performance significantly improved during the half year following the audit in the experimental branches, in contrast to a decline in the control branches due to poor general business conditions. The contribution of auditing to performance is discussed in terms of learning, motivation, deterrence, and process improvement. 相似文献
87.
Charafeddine Rawan Zambrana Imac Maria Triniol Benoit Mercier Hugo Clément Fabrice Kaufmann Laurence Reboul Anne Pons Francisco Van der Henst Jean-Baptiste 《Sex roles》2020,83(7-8):453-473
Sex Roles - Interactions between males and females often display a power imbalance. Men tend to adopt more dominant physical postures, lead conversations more, and are more likely to impose their... 相似文献
88.
Fabrice Clément Stéphane Bernard Laurence Kaufmann 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2011,29(4):910-928
The objective of this paper is to discuss whether children have a capacity for deontic reasoning that is irreducible to mentalizing. The results of two experiments point to the existence of such non‐mentalistic understanding and prediction of the behaviour of others. In Study 1, young children (3‐ and 4‐year‐olds) were told different versions of classic false‐belief tasks, some of which were modified by the introduction of a rule or a regularity. When the task (a standard change of location task) included a rule, the performance of 3‐year‐olds, who fail traditional false‐belief tasks, significantly improved. In Study 2, 3‐year‐olds proved to be able to infer a rule from a social situation and to use it in order to predict the behaviour of a character involved in a modified version of the false‐belief task. These studies suggest that rules play a central role in the social cognition of young children and that deontic reasoning might not necessarily involve mind reading. 相似文献
89.
Young and older adults were tested on a word fragment completion task in which correct solutions were studied words, words orthographically similar to studied words, or new words. In Experiments 1 and 2, the standard production version of the word fragment completion task was used; older adults had reduced benefits of prior exposure to target words and slightly decreased costs. However, costs and benefits did not differ across age in a forced-choice version of the task (Experiment 3). At a behavioral level, the results are contrary to predictions that age differences in word fragment completion priming effects will be greater when there is a strong competitor for the correct solution and that age differences in both costs and benefits will be smaller for identification than for production tasks. Theoretical implications of these findings are considered. 相似文献
90.
Names are thought to be represented in the brain differently from common nouns. Although this idea is supported by both theoretical and empirical arguments, the brain areas that are relevant for the recognition of personal names-and in particular the extent of right hemisphere involvement-remain controversial. We investigated the hypothesis that, unlike common nouns, personal names are represented preferentially by the right hemisphere (D. Van Lancker, 1991; D. Van Lancker et al., 1991; C. Ohnesorge & D. Van Lancker, 1999). Participants performed lexical decisions to common nouns and pseudowords (Experiment 1) or familiarity decisions to personal names (Experiment 2), which were presented briefly to the left or right visual fields. Asymmetries were small or absent for both pseudowords and unfamiliar names. For familiar names, both reaction times and error rates revealed strong advantages for the right visual field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH), which were comparable to the asymmetries for nouns. Familiar personal names may be represented by brain systems that differ from those representing common nouns, but current evidence does not suggest a distinct contribution of the right hemisphere to these brain systems. 相似文献