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91.
The relations of problem behavior status to children's negative emotionality, effortful control, and impulsivity: concurrent relations and prediction of change 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Eisenberg N Sadovsky A Spinrad TL Fabes RA Losoya SH Valiente C Reiser M Cumberland A Shepard SA 《Developmental psychology》2005,41(1):193-211
The relations of children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors to their concurrent regulation, impulsivity (reactive undercontrol), anger, sadness, and fearfulness and these aspects of functioning 2 years prior were examined. Parents and teachers completed measures of children's (N = 185; ages 6 through 9 years) adjustment, negative emotionality, regulation, and behavior control; behavioral measures of regulation also were obtained. In general, both internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with negative emotionality. Externalizers were low in effortful regulation and high in impulsivity, whereas internalizers, compared with nondisordered children, were low in impulsivity but not effortful control. Moreover, indices of negative emotionality, regulation, and impulsivity with the level of the same variables 2 years before controlled predicted stability versus change in problem behavior status. 相似文献
92.
Koehler LJ Iwata BA Roscoe EM Rolider NU O'Steen LE 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2005,38(4):469-484
We examined the effects of stimulus (reinforcer) variation in several different contexts. In Study 1, we identified high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) stimuli based on results of a paired-stimulus assessment and examined their effects when available under concurrent-reinforcement schedules for 8 participants. No participants showed preference for the LQ stimuli when compared singly or in a varied arrangement to the HQ stimulus. In Study 2, we identified nonpreferred (NP) stimuli based on results of a single-stimulus assessment and examined their effects when available under single-reinforcement schedules for 3 participants. Results of Study 2 were mixed. One participant's data indicated that the varied presentation of NP stimuli produced a modest improvement in performance over that observed when the stimuli were presented singly. By contrast, a second participant's data showed no facilitative effect for the varied delivery of NP stimuli and that the inclusion of an HQ stimulus in the varied arrangement obscured the reinforcing effects of the HQ stimulus. The 3rd participant's data showed no effect for the varied delivery of NP stimuli but an apparent facilitative effect when an HQ stimulus was included in the varied arrangement, which was attributable solely to the presence of the HQ stimulus. 相似文献
93.
The present study examined the joint effects of repetition and response deadline on associative recognition in older adults. Young and older adults studied lists of unrelated word pairs, half presented once (weak pairs) and half presented four times (strong pairs). Test lists contained old (intact) pairs, pairs consisting of old words that had been studied with other partners (rearranged lures), and unstudied pairs (new lures), and participants were asked to respond "old" only to intact pairs. In Experiment 1, participants were tested with both short and long deadlines. In Experiment 2, the tests were unpaced. In both experiments, repetition increased hit rates for young and older adults. Young adults tested with a long deadline showed reduced (Experiment 1) or invariant (Experiment 2) false alarms to rearranged lures when word pairs were studied more often. Young adults tested with a short deadline and older adults tested under all conditions had increased false alarm rates forstrong rearranged pairs. Implications of these results for theories of associative recognition and cognitive aging are explored. 相似文献
94.
Dindo M. Campilan Gordon Prain Cherry Leah Bagalanon 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1999,11(4):114-131
This paper discusses the experience of a Philippines-based agricultural research program, where participatory evaluation is
embedded in a broader, user-centered participatory research approach. Three case projects illustrate and analyze participatory
evaluation of agricultural research in a developing country context. Different evaluation types are identified and their use
in different phases of the research process is discussed. These field experiences show how “evaluation from the inside” can
contribute to effective research planning and implementation, particularly in enhancing sensitivity to user needs and situations.
network for user participatory rootcrop R&D sponsored by the International Potato Center in Asia. Under his leadership, UPWARD
has increasingly sought to build participatory monitoring and evaluation into the network’s research and development activities.
He has a Ph.D. in communication and innovation studies from Wageningen Agricultural University in The Netherlands. Prior joining
UPWARD, Campilan worked with the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction and the Philippine Root Crop Research and
Training Center. His research interests include communication of innovations, institutional linkage development, participatory
research methods and tools, and strengthening local knowledge systems.
From 1991 until 1997 he was coordinator of Users’ Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) network.
He was previously based in Latin America. His main research interests include the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of crop
genetic diversity conservation and utilization involving ethnobotanical studies, on-farm conservation, and work on seed systems.
He is also interested in research on rural enterprise development. He has been actively involved in capacity building initiatives
among national agricultural researchers, especially in participatory research methods and planning techniques. He can be contacted
CIP-ESEAP, Kebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan Raya Ciapus, Bogor 16610, Indonesia, fax (62 251) 316 264, e-mail: G.Prain@cgiar.org.
Her major responsibilities include facilitating the network’s activities on sustainable crop management R&D and on capacity
building in participatory approaches and methods. At the UPWARD coordinating office, she is in charge of training, publications,
and information management. She has extensive training and hands on experience in the use of participatory methods and tools,
particularly through a Philippines project on soil resource management for sweetpotato production. She has an MSc in family
resource management and development communication from the University of the Philippines at Los Ba?os. Her research interests
include sustainable crop management, strengthening local R&D capacity, and field testing participatory methods and tools. 相似文献
95.
Robert B. Cialdini Nancy Eisenberg Beth L. Green Kelton Rhoads Renee Bator 《Journal of applied social psychology》1998,28(3):249-263
Sometimes, without recourse to controlling rewards, it is difficult to secure desirable behaviors. Yet, much work has demonstrated the damaging effect that such rewards can have on subsequent independent interest in the reward-induced behavior. Therefore, one who feels required to use controlling rewards to increase desirable action in another faces a dilemma: Failing to employ the rewards means foregoing the desired conduct in the immediate situation, hut applying them risks undermining the other's long-term interest in the conduct. We tested a technique designed to avoid this dilemma by (a) providing a controlling reward to obtain the desired action, but (b) then attributing the action to an abiding trait of the actor. Using this technique, we were able to reverse the damaging impact of a controlling reward on children's motivation to write well. 相似文献
96.
PATERNAL SEPARATION ANXIETY: 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kirby Deater-Deckard Sandra Scarr Kathleen McCartney Marlene Eisenberg 《Psychological science》1994,5(6):341-346
Employed mothers of young children worry about the effects of daily separation on their children Do fathers have similar anxieties? Because fathers are expected to leave the home and go to work, psychologists have not studied fathers' concerns about daily separation from their babies and pre-school children In this study, we investigated fathers' and mothers' separation anxiety and the relationships between separation anxiety and family and child-care characteristics The sample included 589 married couples from a larger study of families and center-based child care Data were collected through in-home and center visits Fathers and mothers had similar levels of Separation Anxiety However, fathers reported slightly higher Concern for the Child, and mothers reported higher Employment Concerns Fathers' perceptions of their wives' anxieties were higher by half a standard deviation compared with mothers' reports Fathers' and mothers self reported separation anxieties were modestly correlated Paternal separation anxiety was most strongly associated with fathers' perceptions of their wives' separation concerns, not with mothers' reported anxieties, which suggested ego defensiveness and projection 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
The altruistic personality: in what contexts is it apparent? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G Carlo N Eisenberg D Troyer G Switzer A L Speer 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1991,61(3):450-458
Hypotheses concerning the specific contexts in which an altruistic personality might be most apparent were investigated. College students completed questionnaires tapping components of an altruistic personality, emotionality, and social desirability. At a 2nd session, the emotional evocativeness and ease of escape from the helping situation were experimentally manipulated. Ss were exposed to a distressed woman, completed state sympathy and personal distress indexes, and were given an opportunity to assist the woman. High scorers on dispositional altruism were expected to assist most when escape was easy, particularly when the distress cues were obvious. Altruistic and emotionally reactive persons were also expected to help most in a psychologically "weak" environment. Both predictions were supported. The relations between helping and the other predictors were also examined. 相似文献
100.
N Eisenberg R A Fabes M Schaller P Miller G Carlo R Poulin C Shea R Shell 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1991,61(3):459-470
The relations of personality and family characteristics to adults' negative vicarious emotional responses to sympathy and distress films were examined. Ss reported more sympathy and less personal distress and exhibited less skin conductance as well as heart rate deceleration when viewing a sympathy-evoking film. Dispositional emotional intensity and fantasy empathy were associated with greater self-reported emotional responding and higher skin conductance. Dispositional perspective taking and personal distress were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with reported vicarious responding to the sympathy film when Ss were administered instructions to imagine the emotions of those in the films. Family cohesiveness was associated with reported sympathy and sadness in reaction to the sympathy film, whereas the expression of negative subordinate and positive emotional states in the home of origin was associated with women's reported responsivity. 相似文献