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211.
212.
Priming insight in groups: Facilitating and inhibiting solving an ambiguously worded insight problem
We extend research on the priming of insight by studying group problem solving. Groups of 2–4 participants tried to solve
an ambiguously worded problem in the presence of a prime that reinforced the dominant but incorrect interpretation of the
problem, a prime that reinforced the uncommon but correct interpretation, or no prime. The paradigm involved participants
asking questions of the experimenter that could only be answered “yes” or “no.” In Experiment 1, the prime was present throughout
the solving period; in Experiment 2, it was removed prior to the solving period. In both experiments, the primes had their
predicted effects. Patterns in the time taken to solve the problem supported the idea that groups stuck at the impasse were
more or less able to restructure the problem, depending on the environmental context. Data from the questions asked and questionnaires
converged with time taken to solve the problem, consistent with the view that restructuring a problem is an automatic process
that produces insight. A comparison of the group data in Experiment 1 with individually tested participants’ data revealed
that the insight of the groups benefited from their being able to recognize lines of questions to follow, to listen to answers
to questions asked, and to evaluate and reject errors or assumptions. 相似文献
213.
Variation in the ability to maintain internal goals while resolving competition from multiple information streams has been
related to individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). In a multitask environment, task choice and task performance
are influenced by internal goals, prior behavior within the environment, and the availability of relevant and irrelevant information
in the environment. Using the voluntary task-switching procedure, task performance, as measured by switch costs, was related
to WMC, but only at short preparation intervals. Task choice processes were only weakly related to WMC. These findings are
consistent with models of cognitive control that separate task choice processes from the processes of activating and maintaining
task readiness. WMC is related to regulation of specific task parameters but not to choice processes integral to the coordination
of multiple sources of information. 相似文献
214.
Drew LM Berg C King P Verdant C Griffith K Butler J Wiebe DJ 《Journal of family psychology》2011,25(5):751-758
For adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, lower family income may be associated with poorer diabetes management through depleted parental psychological resources (i.e., higher parental depressive symptoms, lower parental acceptance). Adolescents (N = 252; 46% male) aged 10-14 years with Type 1 diabetes assessed the acceptance of their mother and father (e.g., "gives me the feeling that she likes me as I am"; "she doesn't feel she has to make me over into someone else"). Mothers provided information on family income and demographics. Both mothers and fathers reported their depressive symptoms. HbA1c scores were indexed via medical records. Lower family income was associated with higher (i.e., worse) HbA1c, more mother and father depressive symptoms, and less acceptance from both parents. Mediation analyses revealed that the relationship of lower family income with metabolic control occurred indirectly through lower maternal and paternal acceptance and lower adherence. Lower family income may impair the quality of parent--adolescent relationships that are beneficial for good diabetes management. 相似文献
215.
Behavioral neurologists have long been interested in changes in religiosity following circumscribed brain lesions. Advances in neuroimaging and cognitive experimental techniques have been added to these classical lesion-correlational approaches in attempt to understand changes in religiosity due to brain damage. In this paper we assess processing dynamics of religious cognition in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We administered a four-condition story-based priming procedure, and then covertly probed for changes in religious belief. Story-based priming emphasized mortality salience, religious ritual, and beauty in nature (Aesthetic). In neurologically intact controls, religious belief-scores significantly increased following the Aesthetic prime condition. When comparing effects of right (RO) versus left onset (LO) in PD patients, a double-dissociation in religious belief-scores emerged based on prime condition. RO patients exhibited a significant increase in belief following the Aesthetic prime condition and LO patients significantly increased belief in the religious ritual prime condition. Results covaried with executive function measures. This suggests lateral cerebral specialization for ritual-based (left frontal) versus aesthetic-based (right frontal) religious cognition. Patient-centered individualized treatment plans should take religiosity into consideration as a complex disease-associated phenomenon connected to other clinical variables and health outcomes. 相似文献
216.
Leah R. Enders 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(1):55-66
The effect of sensory deficits on power grip force from individual phalanges was examined. The authors found that stroke survivors with sensory deficits (determined by the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test) gripped with phalanx force directed more tangential to the object surface, than those without, although both groups had similar motor deficits (Chedoke-McMaster and Fugl-Meyer), grip strength, and skin friction. Altered grip force direction elevates risk of finger slippage against the object thus grip loss/object dropping, hindering activities of daily living. Altered grip force direction was associated with altered muscle activation patterns. In summary, the motor impairment level alone may not describe hand motor control in detail. Information about sensory deficits helps elucidate patients' hand motor control with functional relevance. 相似文献
217.
Leah N. Gordon 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2010,46(1):27-51
This article explains how social theories that posited white attitudes as the root of racial injustice gained traction in postwar social thought. Examining the production of a “tension barometer,” an attitude survey that scholars from the University of Chicago's Committee on Education, Training, and Research in Race Relations created to predict interracial violence, I chart vigorous debate over the nature and causes of racial oppression in the critical postwar decades. Available—and unavailable—social scientific frameworks, activists” interests, and emerging anticommunism, the Committee's history shows, created an environment where individualistic conceptions of the race problem won out, despite critique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
218.
219.
Brooke Butler 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(8):1833-1847
Three hundred venirepersons from the 12th Judicial Circuit in Sarasota, Florida completed the following booklet of stimulus materials: one question measuring participants' level of support for insanity defense; a 16‐item measure assessing participants' attitudes toward the myths associated with the insanity defense, the legal definitions of insanity, and mental illness; a case scenario; verdict preference; and standard demographic questions. Level of support for the insanity defense was significantly related to participants' attitudes toward legal standards of insanity, mental illness, and the myths associated with the insanity defense. In addition, results indicated that level of support for the insanity defense, age, educational level, occupation, type of prior jury service, and political views were significantly related to verdict preference. Notably, three factors that have been found to impact verdict preference in previous research failed to do so in the current study: participants' experience with psychological disorders; participants' exposure to psychotropic medications; and participants' experience with psychologists or psychiatrists. The findings both replicate and extend earlier findings by suggesting that attitudes toward the insanity defense are more complex than previously imagined. 相似文献
220.
Two experiments investigated the influence of implicit memory on consumer choice for brands with varying levels of familiarity. Priming was measured using a consideration‐choice task, developed by Coates, Butler and Berry ( 2004 ). Experiment 1 employed a coupon‐rating task at encoding that required participants to meaningfully process individual brand names, to assess whether priming could affect participants' final (preferred) choices for familiar brands. Experiment 2 used this same method to assess the impact of implicit memory on consideration and choice for unknown and leader brands, presented in conjunction with familiar competitors. Significant priming was obtained in both experiments, and was shown to directly influence final choice in the case of familiar and highly familiar leader brands. Moreover, it was shown that a single prior exposure could lead participants to consider buying an unknown, and indeed fictitious, brand. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献