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141.
The transition from preschool to formal schooling constitutes an important developmental milestone for children and their
families. Very few empirical studies investigating the kindergarten transition for typically developing children have been
published, and fewer have examined transition experiences from the perspective of caregivers. The aims of our study were to
investigate: (1) parent concerns during transition, (2) perceived needs during transition, and (3) parent involvement in kindergarten
preparation activities. Parents/caregivers of 86 general education students transitioning to kindergarten completed a survey
assessing their concerns, needs, and involvement in transition preparation activities. Results suggest that although the majority
of parents expressed few concerns regarding their child’s kindergarten transition, a subset (i.e., 27.9%) reported significant
concerns. The areas of concern most often cited by families in this sample were socio-behavioral in nature. Parents in this
sample expressed a desire for various types of information during transition. Parents most often reported engaging in low
intensity transition practices characterized by generic forms of contact, rather than more individualized and intensive practices
often cited in the literature as best practices. In addition, parent involvement in transition preparation activities differed
by family socioeconomic status as well as district locale. This study offers practical suggestions and policy implications
for coordinating family and school efforts during children’s kindergarten transition. 相似文献
142.
Butler R Dwosh E Beattie BL Guimond C Lombera S Brief E Illes J Sadovnick AD 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(2):136-142
A novel, pathogenic presenilin 1 (PS1) mutation has recently been identified in a large Aboriginal kindred living in dispersed
communities throughout British Columbia, Canada. Disseminating genetic information and ensuring that appropriate genetic counseling
services are provided to all concerned relatives have posed several unique challenges. These challenges include knowledge
exchange and continuity of care in a geographically remote and culturally distinct community. To our knowledge, this is the
first time a specific genetic counseling approach has been needed for early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (EOFAD) in a
North American Aboriginal community. 相似文献
143.
McClimans L 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2011,32(6):389-401
Patient-reported outcomes are increasingly used as dependent variables in studies regarding the effectiveness of clinical
interventions. But patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) do not provide intuitively meaningful data. For instance, it
is not clear what a five point increase or decrease on a particular scale signifies. Establishing ‘interpretability’ involves
making changes in outcomes meaningful. Attempts to interpret PROMs have led to the development of methods for identifying
a minimum important difference (MID). In this paper, however, I draw on Charles Taylor’s distinction between weak and strong
evaluations to suggest that identifying a MID, specifically, a MID that uses a patient-reported reference group, may not provide
an adequate interpretation of these measures. Moreover, I argue that the difficulty with interpreting these measures is tied
to a larger problem concerning their validity. If researchers wish to interpret PROMs, they may first need to know more about
the constructs they attempt to measure, namely, quality of life. 相似文献
144.
There has been much philosophical interest regarding the ‘hierarchy of evidence’ used to determine which study designs are
of most value for reporting on questions of effectiveness, prognosis, and so on. There has been much less philosophical interest
in the choice of outcome measures with which the results of, say, an RCT or a cohort study are presented. In this paper, we
examine the FDA’s recently published guidelines for assessing the psychometric adequacy of patient-reported outcome measures.
We focus on their recommendations for demonstrating content validity and also for how researchers should weigh up the sum
of psychometric evidence when choosing these measures. We argue that questions regarding judgment and understanding meaning
of these measures should play a more central role in determining their adequacy. 相似文献
145.
Emily A. Butler 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2011,5(8):563-577
Humans are self‐regulating dynamic systems. Health represents an overall state of the system and emotions play a central role. Understanding emotion, self‐regulation, and health is complicated by the fact that emotion regulation can be conceptualized in at least three ways: (i) emotions can be seen as one component of a general self‐regulatory system that modifies our overall responses in the service of goal‐directed behavior, (ii) the emotion system itself operates through internal feedback processes that help to keep our physical and psychological systems in balance and within an optimal range of functioning, and (iii) emotions can become the target of self‐regulatory efforts. Each of these views of emotion regulation emphasizes somewhat different connections to health. This review considers the meanings of emotion, regulation, and health and presents research relevant to each of the three views of emotion regulation. 相似文献
146.
Leah R. Enders 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(1):55-66
The effect of sensory deficits on power grip force from individual phalanges was examined. The authors found that stroke survivors with sensory deficits (determined by the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test) gripped with phalanx force directed more tangential to the object surface, than those without, although both groups had similar motor deficits (Chedoke-McMaster and Fugl-Meyer), grip strength, and skin friction. Altered grip force direction elevates risk of finger slippage against the object thus grip loss/object dropping, hindering activities of daily living. Altered grip force direction was associated with altered muscle activation patterns. In summary, the motor impairment level alone may not describe hand motor control in detail. Information about sensory deficits helps elucidate patients' hand motor control with functional relevance. 相似文献
147.
The aim of this study was to investigate the widely held, but largely untested, view that implicit memory (repetition priming) reflects an automatic form of retrieval. Specifically, in Experiment 1 we explored whether a secondary task (syllable monitoring), performed during retrieval, would disrupt performance on explicit (cued recall) and implicit (stem completion) memory tasks equally. Surprisingly, despite substantial memory and secondary costs to cued recall when performed with a syllable-monitoring task, the same manipulation had no effect on stem completion priming or on secondary task performance. In Experiment 2 we demonstrated that even when using a particularly demanding version of the stem completion task that incurred secondary task costs, the corresponding disruption to implicit memory performance was minimal. Collectively, the results are consistent with the view that implicit memory retrieval requires little or no processing capacity and is not seemingly susceptible to the effects of dividing attention at retrieval. 相似文献
148.
149.
Joan S. Girgus Stanley Coren Leah Horowitz 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1973,13(1):157-160
Illusion decrement with prolonged inspection was used as a technique to assess the relative amount of central component in seven variants of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. Results indicate that all of the variant forms share a common, central component, while the peripheral components, such as lateral inhibition, vary as a function of the presence of converging lines in the illusion configurations. 相似文献
150.
The literature on cognitive processes suggests that individuals differ in the dimensions they use to describe the work environment and thus the behavioral implications they attach to characteristics of that environment. Using the technique described by Bem and Allen (1974), navy enlisted personnel were separated into subgroups with high, medium, and low cognitive complexity scores. Responses about perceived characteristics of the work environment produced six components for the high complexity group versus four for the low group. Questions about supervisor behaviors, role characteristics, and work group interactions yielded similar dimensions for all groups, although differences were found for responses about macroorganizational characteristics. Significant but low relationships were found between complexity scores and global indices of job performance.This article is Report Number 79-2, supported by Naval Medical Research and Development Command, Department of the Navy, under Research Work Unit MF58.524.022-0011. The views presented are those of the authors. No endorsement by the Department of the Navy has been given or should be inferred. 相似文献