The development and validation of the Relational Self-Esteem Scale

According to the tripartite model of the self (Brewer & Gardner, 1996), the self consists of three aspects: personal, relational, and collective. Correspondingly, individuals can achieve a sense of self-worth through their personal attributes (personal self-esteem), relationship with significant others (relational self-esteem), or social group membership (collective self-esteem). Existing measures on personal and collective self-esteem are available in the literature; however, no scale exists that assesses relational self-esteem. The authors developed a scale to measure individual differences in relational self-esteem and tested it with two samples of Chinese university students. Between and within-network approaches to construct validation were used. The scale showed adequate internal consistency reliability and results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit. It also exhibited meaningful correlations with theoretically relevant constructs in the nomological network. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

The effect of long-term working memory through personalization applied to free recall: Uncurbing the primacy-effect enthusiasm

In this study, a personalization method (Guida, Tardieu, & Nicolas, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21: 862–896 2009) was applied to a free-recall task. Fifteen pairs of words, composed of an object and a location, were presented to 93 participants, who had to mentally associate each pair and subsequently recall the objects. A 30-s delay was introduced on half of the trials, the presentation rate was manipulated (5 or 10 s per item), and verbal and visuospatial working memory tests were administered to test for their effects on the serial curve. Two groups were constituted: a personalized group, for whom the locations were well-known places on their university campus, and a nonpersonalized group, for whom the locations did not refer to known places. Since personalization putatively operationalizes long-term working memory (Ericsson & Kintsch, Psychological Review, 102: 211–245 1995)—namely, the capacity to store information reliably and rapidly in long-term memory—and if we take a dual-store approach to memory, the personalization advantage would be expected to be greater for pre-recency than for recency items. Overall, the results were compatible with long-term working memory theory. They contribute to validating the personalization method as a methodology to characterize the contribution of long-term memory storage to performance in working memory tasks.     

不同回避动机强度的消极情绪对类比推理的影响

通过控制负性情绪的不同回避动机强度,采用经典四项比例式的推理任务,探究不同回避动机强度的负性情绪对类比推理的影响。研究结果发现:(1)不同回避动机强度的负性情绪(悲伤和恐惧)均会导致推理任务的正确率下降;(2)在低回避动机强度情绪(悲伤)下完成推理任务的反应时比高回避动机强度情绪(恐惧)下更长。结论:不同回避动机强度的负性情绪均会对类比推理产生消极作用,高回避动机强度的负性情绪下完成推理任务的速度更快,但正确率较低,这可能是由于注意窄化和情绪的动机强度通过工作记忆影响了推理过程。     

Biased extensive measurement: The general case

We develop a theory of biased extensive measurement which allows us to prove the existence of a ratio-scale without transitivity of indifference and with a property of homothetic invariance weaker than independence. These representations, which cover the cases of interval orders and of semiorders, reveal a unique biasing function smaller or equal to 1 that distorts extensive measurement and explains departures from its standard axioms. We interpret this biasing function as characterizing the qualitative influence of the underlying measurement process and we show that it induces a proportional indifference threshold.     

2～5岁儿童在不同情境中对"大"与"小"的理解

选取2~5岁汉语儿童,考察其在不同情境和不同转换程度下,对形容词“大”和“小”的理解。结果显示:(1)情境类型、转换程度和年龄分别对儿童理解“大”与“小”有显著影响,但三者交互作用不明显。(2)就情境类型而言,儿童在感知情境中理解“大”与“小”较为容易;就转换程度而言,儿童在不同情境的转换条件下理解“大”与“小”最为困难;儿童对“大”和“小”理解随年龄增长而上升。总体来说,情境特点对2~5岁儿童理解“大”与“小”有重要影响,对早期教育有启示。     

理性事实与自然主义谬误——兼论摩尔对康德道德哲学的误读

论文以摩尔自然主义谬误概念为出发点,指出摩尔对康德道德哲学的批评是不恰当的,并分析了摩尔对康德的误解及其原因;进而提出康德以理性事实概念为基础,解决了关于善与道德法则的关系,并为善的概念之阐明开辟了新的视野;康德的理性事实概念学说超越了从"是"到"应该"规范伦理学的思路,以及自然主义谬误所指出的错误路径,指出"应该"作为定言命令是被给予的而非被推导的,从而为规范伦理学开辟了新的境界.     

Abatement of intractable vocal stereotypy using an overcorrection procedure

We conducted a series of reversals to compare the effects of four different treatments on vocal stereotypy emitted by a 7‐year‐old boy with autism. The results showed that (1) the level of vocal stereotypy decreased during exposure to matched stimulation but returned to high levels immediately upon its removal; (2) stereotypy did not significantly decrease during differential reinforcement of other behavior; and (3) contingent withdrawal of movies and music (i.e., response cost) was only moderately effective. However, positive practice overcorrection decreased vocal stereotypy by clinically significant levels. Further, when differential reinforcement of engagement in a Lego^® building task was implemented, the level of engagement was significantly higher when positive practice overcorrection was in place than when overcorrection was withdrawn. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EUTHYPHRO AND THE GOODNESS OF GOD INCARNATE

A familiar problem is here viewed from an unfamiliar angle. The familiar problem is the Euthyphro dilemma: if God wills something because it is good, then goodness is independent of God, so God becomes, morally speaking, de trop. On the other hand, if something is good because God wills it, then, given the absence of constraint on what God may will, moral truths are – counterintuitively – contingent. An examination of the kinds of necessity and possibility at work in this conundrum leads us to the most promising solution: there is a metaphysical connection between God and goodness. What he wills is an expression of his nature. But (and this is the unfamiliar angle), that solution now poses an acute problem for an understanding of the Incarnation. For if God is constitutive of goodness, and Christ is God incarnate, then Christ is constitutive of goodness. But Christ, as a human, is subject to external moral evaluation and obligation, which entails that he is not constitutive of goodness. This metaethical difficulty is not easily met by the usual strategies by which Christ is understood to have two natures. Reflection on our moral relations to our past selves, however, suggests a way forward.     

自我差异对消费者产品属性选择偏好的影响

自我是一个人所持有的关于自我特征的信念,不同的理想和现实自我差异可能带来不同的消费选择。本研究以在校大学生作为被试,通过阅读不同的理想与现实自我材料,启动被试的理想与现实的自我差异,考察其对消费者产品属性选择偏好的影响。结果发现：现实与理想自我差异小的被试,更偏好享乐属性强的产品;现实与理想自我差异大的被试,更偏好功能属性强的产品。     

Ignorance,Knowledge, and Two Epistemic Intuitions

Philosophia - One of the most venerable and enduring intuitions in epistemology concerns the relationship between true belief and knowledge. Famously articulated by Socrates, it holds that true...