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61.
A search for symmetry in the conditional discriminations of rhesus monkeys, baboons, and children. 总被引:22,自引:21,他引:1
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M Sidman R Rauzin R Lazar S Cunningham W Tailby P Carrigan 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1982,37(1):23-44
Procedures for generating arbitrary matching-to-sample performances may generate only conditional discriminations. Rational grounds for this distinction are proposed, based on the properties that any equivalence relation must possess. Empirical tests are described for determining whether subjects trained on conditional discriminations are also engaged in true matching to sample. A series of studies than leads to the conclusion that proof of true matching to sample by monkeys, pigeons, or baboons is yet to be provided. Whether the absence of such proof reflects experiential factors or species-defined limitations is not presently clear. 相似文献
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63.
Seth R. M. Lazar 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(4):355-368
In this paper, I ask how – and whether – the rectification of injury at which corrective justice aims is possible, and by
whom it must be performed. I split the injury up into components of harm and wrong, and consider their rectification separately.
First, I show that pecuniary compensation for the harm is practically plausible, because money acts as a mediator between
the damaged interest and other interests. I then argue that this is also a morally plausible approach, because it does not
claim too much for compensation: neither can all harms be compensated, nor can it be said when compensation is paid that the
status quo ante has been restored. I argue that there is no conceptual reason for any particular agent paying this compensation.
I then turn to the wrong, and reject three proposed methods of rectification. The first aims to rectify the wrong by rectifying
the harm; the second deploys punitive damages; the third, punishment. After undermining each proposal, I argue that the wrong
can only be rectified by a full apology, which I disaggregate into the admission of causal and moral responsibility, repudiation
of the act, reform, and, in some cases, disgorgement and reparations, which I define as a good faith effort to share the burden
of the victim’s harm. I argue, further, that only the injurer herself can make a full apology, and it is not something that
can be coerced by other members of society. As such, whether rectification of the wrong can be a matter of corrective justice
is left an open question.
相似文献
Seth R. M. LazarEmail: |
64.
The psychometric properties of the Hooper Vsual Organization Test (VOT) have not been well investigated Here the authors present internal consistency and interrater reliability coefficients, and an item analysis, using data from a sample (N = 281) of "cognitively impaired" and "cognitively intact" patients, and patients with undetermined cognitive status. Coefficient alpha for the VOT total sample was .882. An item analysis found that 26 of the 30 items were good at discriminating among patients. Also, the interrater reliabilities for three raters (.992), two raters (.988), and one rater (.977) were excellent. Therefore, the judgmental scoring of the VOT does not interfere significantly with its clinical utility. The authors conclude that the VOT is a psychometrically sound test. 相似文献
65.
Lazar R 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2001,61(3):271-291
In this article, the author traces the history of the concepts of subject, subjectivity, and intersubjectivity in different psychoanalytic theories in the last decades. She argues that the uniqueness of these concepts and their different implications were not emphasized enough. The author discusses the various implications and contexts of the concept of subject in psychoanalytic theory proper and to relate as to: (1). The need to distinguish between the concepts of subject and subjectivity; (2). The mutual interdependence of the subject and his subjectivity and the intersubjective domain (both in the development of the individual and in theoretical thought pertaining to it). Her point of departure is from the position of the subject as a free creature, the centrality of the experiencing individual, from his/her perspective—the subject in the first person. She tries to explain the paradox implicit in the experiential dimension, the place of the other as participant, as both negating and recognizing—the subject in the third person. She suggests the interdependency of the first-person experience of subjectivity on the intersubjective dimension. 相似文献
66.
Recent evidence about the relationship between cognitive tests and psychological noncognitive variables is reviewed. Noncognitive measures can be ordered with respect to their predictive validity. Many are poor predictors of intelligence and achievement. Measures of rationality, self-assessment of intelligence, Openness to Experience and self-concept correlate up to .35 with cognitive performance. Some domain-specific self-beliefs (self-efficacy and anxiety) have correlations with appropriate achievement tests that can reach .45. The best predictors of any kind of cognitive performance are measures of confidence (frequently reported correlations of .45 and above) that can capture a major part of predictive validity of the three self-beliefs. The role of self-beliefs has attracted much interest in education but their role in predicting performance on tests of fluid intelligence is likely to be low. However, self-beliefs and confidence in particular may prove to be the most potent noncognitive influences on the development of acculturated knowledge that is captured by measures of crystallized intelligence. 相似文献
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69.
The effects of religious support, maternal motivations for having large families, and their interactions on psychological
functioning were assessed in a sample of 79 religious Israeli Jewish mothers of six or more children. Religious support from
religious leaders, community, and G-d—as well as faith-focused maternal motivation—were all positively related to adaptive
psychological functioning. In contrast, self-focused maternal motivation was negatively related to adaptive functioning. Moreover,
religious support and maternal motivation were both related to psychological functioning even after controlling for social
support. Finally, several significant interactions between religious support and maternal motivation emerged and are also
discussed. 相似文献
70.
In three experiments, groups were exposed to either positive or negative affect video clips, after which they were presented with a series of task-irrelevant stimuli. In the subsequent test task, subjects were required to learn an association between the previously irrelevant stimulus and a consequence, and between a new stimulus and a consequence. Induced positive affect produced a latent inhibition effect (poorer evidence of learning with the previously irrelevant stimulus than with the novel stimulus). In opposition to this, induced negative affect resulted in better evidence of learning with a previously irrelevant stimulus than with a novel stimulus. In general, the opposing effects also were present in participants scoring high on self-report questionnaires of depression (Experiments 2 and 3). These unique findings were predicted and accounted for on the basis of two principles: (a) positive affect broadens the attentional field and negative affect contracts it; and (b) task-irrelevant stimuli are processed in two successive stages, the first encodes stimulus properties, and the second encodes stimulus relationships. The opposing influences of negative and positive mood on the processing of irrelevant stimuli have implications for the role of emotion in general theories of cognition, and possibly for resolving some of the inconsistent findings in research with schizophrenia patients. 相似文献