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961.
Robbie J. Steward Han Ik Jo Darrick Murray William Fitzgerald Douglas Neil Frank Fear Martin Hill 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1998,26(2):70-82
In a study of African American (n = 208) urban high school students, grade point average (GPA) and specific strategies for coping with day-to-day stressors were found to be significantly related to psychological adjustment. Students who had higher GPAs tended to use family members as a means of solving problems, minimized problems by the use of humor, and used relaxation activities less often were found to have the most positive psychological adjustment, as measured by the index score of the Affects Balance Scale (ABS). Reported negative affect was not found to be significantly influenced by coping style, whereas positive affect was. 相似文献
962.
The Genetic and Environmental Relationship Between General and Specific Cognitive Abilities in Twins Age 80 and Older 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen A. Petrill Robert Plomin Stig Berg Boo Johansson Nancy L. Pedersen Frank Ahern & Gerald E. McClearn 《Psychological science》1998,9(3):183-189
In the first twin study of the old-old, individuals 80 years old and older, we examined the relationship between general and specific cognitive abilities from a genetic perspective. That is, we examined the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence major group factors of cognitive abilities, independent of general cognitive ability. As part of the OctoTwin project in Sweden, general and specific cognitive abilities were assessed in 52 monozygotic and 65 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs 80 years old and older using a battery of seven tests that assess verbal, spatial, speed-of-processing, and memory performance. Results suggest that genetic effects associated with general cognitive ability ( g ) account for the correlation between g and verbal, spatial, and speed-of-processing abilities. No genetic influences were found for these specific cognitive abilities separate from g . In contrast, memory ability appears to be more distinct genetically from g than are other cognitive abilities. Comparison with younger samples suggests that cognitive abilities relating to speed of processing may be genetically dedifferentiated in the old-old. 相似文献
963.
The Strategy-Specific Nature of Improvement: The Power Law Applies by Strategy Within Task 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peter F. Delaney Lynne M. Reder James J. Staszewski & Frank E. Ritter 《Psychological science》1998,9(1):1-7
If strategy shifts speed up performance, learning curves should show discontinuities where such shifts occur. Relatively smooth curves appear consistently in the literature, however. To explore this incongruity, we examined learning when multiple strategies were used. We plotted power law learning curves for aggregated data from four mental arithmetic experiments and then plotted similar curves separately for each participant and strategy. We then evaluated the fits achieved by each group of curves. In all four experiments, plotting separately by strategy produced significantly better fits to individual participants' data than did plotting a single power function. We conclude that improvement of solution time is better explained by practice on a strategy rather than practice on a task, and that careful assessment of trial-by-trial changes in strategy can improve understanding of the effects of practice on learning. 相似文献
964.
John Grimes Robin Rinehart Hillary Rodrigues John M Koller Elaine Craddock Ludo Rocher Will Sweetman Boyd H Wilson Edward C Dimock Thomas Forsthoefel Hal W French Timothy C Cahill William J Jackson John Powers Frederick M Smith Gavin Flood Lelah Dushkin Sheila McDonough Frank J Hoffman Karni Pal Bhati Anne E Monius Fred Dallmayr Marcia Hermansen Joseph A Bracken Carl Olson William P Harman Donatella Rossi Anna B Bigelow Jeffrey J. Kripal 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》1998,2(2):267-310
965.
Frank W. Wicker James A. Wiehe Anastasia S. Hagen Gail Brown 《Journal of personality》1994,62(3):347-368
ABSTRACT Goal ratings by 345 subjects in seven data samples supported a functional distinction between two types of positive incentive value, one based on approaching positive affect (positive-based value or PBV), the other on avoiding negative affect (negative-based value or NBV). Ratings of PBV were more related to ratings of earlier action-phases of motivation (“wishing”), whereas ratings of NBV tended to be more related to factors entailed in later action-phases (“urgency/priority” and “intention”). These findings and previous ones are consistent with the proposal that this distinction parallels distinctions in Maslow's motivation theory. If the parallel is accepted, the findings support predictions from Maslow's theory. Results also indicate that purportedly unidimensional rating scales of motivation can reflect more than one underlying attribute. 相似文献
966.
Seock-Ho Kim Allan S. Cohen Frank B. Baker Michael J. Subkoviak Tom Leonard 《Psychometrika》1994,59(3):405-421
Hierarchical Bayes procedures for the two-parameter logistic item response model were compared for estimating item and ability parameters. Simulated data sets were analyzed via two joint and two marginal Bayesian estimation procedures. The marginal Bayesian estimation procedures yielded consistently smaller root mean square differences than the joint Bayesian estimation procedures for item and ability estimates. As the sample size and test length increased, the four Bayes procedures yielded essentially the same result.The authors wish to thank the Editor and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
967.
Frank Wolter 《Studia Logica》1994,53(2):235-241
We define an embedding from the lattice of extensions ofT into the lattice of extensions of the bimodal logic with two monomodal operators 1 and 2, whose 2-fragment isS5 and 1-fragment is the logic of a two-element chain. This embedding reflects the fmp, decidability, completenes and compactness. It follows that the lattice of extension of a bimodal logic can be rather complicated even if the monomodal fragments of the logic belong to the upper part of the lattice of monomodal logics.Presented byWolfgang Rautenberg 相似文献
968.
The purpose of this investigation was to compare female and male perceptions of interactants in scenes involving a minor sexual violation—one in which a male denies consent for a kiss and a woman kisses him regardless, and another in which a woman denies consent and a man kisses her regardless. Undergraduate students (n = 387—approximately 82.5% White, 11% Black, 4.7% Hispanic, 1% Native American, and .8% other) completed scenarios adapted from L. Margolin [(1990) Gender and the Stolen Kiss: The Social Support of Males and Females to Violate a Partner's Sexual Consenting Noncoercive Situation, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 19, pp. 281–291], and evaluated scenario interactants using two sets of semantic differential items and two open-ended questions. Results of several analyses indicated that, first and most importantly, violators' behaviors are considered less acceptable, more negatively aggressive, more complimenting, and less appropriate than deniers' behaviors. Second, violations of sex-role expectations (i.e., female aggressing and male denying consent) are seen as less predictable and more complimenting than interactions where sex role expectations are not violated. Finally, minor distinctions between female and male respondents also were found. In general, findings support Margolin's conclusion that women have more social support than men for determining their sexual behavior and extend his findings to private interactions where motivations are not explicit. Also, trust was found to be an important factor defining perceptions of minor sexual violations, which raises the possibility that an initiation of a kiss and a violation of consent are viewed as different actions.This article is based on Mr. Semonsky's honor's thesis, completed under the direction of Mr. Rosenfeld. 相似文献
969.
Frank M. Marchak 《Behavior research methods》1994,26(2):177-180
This paper presents an overview of current data visualization techniques. The various types of graphics, such as contour plots, surface plots, scatterplot matrices, and dynamic spinning, are described. Then, using a data set typical of the field, the potential merits and pitfalls of each visualization technique are presented in terms of what aspects of the data they make explicit. The results illustrate the benefits that a psychological researcher can expect from data visualization capabilities. 相似文献
970.