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41.
This study investigated the psychological and physical health status of 265 crew members on two U.S. Navy ships (a guided
missile cruiser and a frigate on convoy escort duty for tankers under U.S. flag) during the Persian Gulf conflict at four
time periods during combat-ready operations on a single day. Findings suggest that adaptation occurs to extreme stressors
associated with sustained operations. Suggestions are made relative to measures that may minimize psychological and physical
conditions that adversely affect performance under conditions of heavy stress.
Report No. 89-18, supported by the Naval Medical Research and Development Command, Bethesda MD, Department of the Navy, under
research Work Unit No. 63206N.M0096. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official
policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. 相似文献
42.
In the McGurk effect, visual information specifying a speaker’s articulatory movements can influence auditory judgments of speech. In the present study, we attempted to find an analogue of the McGurk effect by using nonspeech stimuli—the discrepant audiovisual tokens of plucks and bows on a cello. The results of an initial experiment revealed that subjects’ auditory judgments were influenced significantly by the visual pluck and bow stimuli. However, a second experiment in which speech syllables were used demonstrated that the visual influence on consonants was significantly greater than the visual influence observed for pluck-bow stimuli. This result could be interpreted to suggest that the nonspeech visual influence was not a true McGurk effect. In a third experiment, visual stimuli consisting of the wordspluck andbow were found to have no influence over auditory pluck and bow judgments. This result could suggest that the nonspeech effects found in Experiment 1 were based on the audio and visual information’s having an ostensive lawful relation to the specified event. These results are discussed in terms of motor-theory, ecological, and FLMP approaches to speech perception. 相似文献
43.
Peter S. Jensen Doreen Koretz Ben Z. Locke Stanley Schneider Marian Radke-Yarrow John E. Richters Judith M. Rumsey 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1993,21(5):551-580
In November 1990 the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) convened a special conference of over 100 scientists and leaders to outline specific strategies and research initiatives that should be developed to implement the recently released National Plan for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders.Participants included journal editors, educators from psychology and psychiatry, representatives from private foundations, and leaders of research program areas in public funding agencies. Critical knowledge gaps were identified in five areas of child and adolescent psychopathology, including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, the anxiety disorders, and the developmental disorders. For each of these areas, special emphasis was placed on developing new ideas and obtaining critical input from other areas of investigation. This report summarizes the identified research gaps and recommends research initiatives to implement the National Plan, as outlined by the conference participants. 相似文献
44.
The determinants of verdicts in a rape case were examined. Pretrial attitudes (rape empathy, juror bias, belief in a just world, and authoritarianism) were measured to ascertain both the intercorrelations among the attitudes and their predictive value of verdicts. The eye contact (staring, avoiding, or random) of the alleged rape victim with the defendant was also examined. Results showed that rape empathy was predictive of verdict. The eye contact of the alleged victim with the defendant also affected verdicts of female mock jurors. Specifically, when eye contact was avoided, more guilty verdicts were rendered. Furthermore, interpretation of eye contact was found to be a function of mock jurors' reported rape empathy. Specifically, subjects who reported empathy with the victim tended to interpret the victim's behavior as consistent with being raped. Finally, differences were found between high and low empathizers for the rape victim in what aspects of the trial were important to mock jurors' decisions. 相似文献
45.
Culture wars: American moral divisions across the adult lifespan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lene Arnett Jensen 《Journal of Adult Development》1997,4(2):107-121
Sociologists have argued that the public moral debate in contemporary America is characterized by a “culture war,” pitting
“orthodox” and “progressivist” groups against one another (Hunter, 1991). This study addressed whether the culture war is
evident in the moral thinking of ordinary Americans, and whether age-related patterns exist. Sixty fundamentalist Baptists
(orthodox) and 60 mainline Baptists (progressivist) evaluated and reasoned about moral issues such as divorce and abortion.
Each group was divided evenly into three age groups copsisting of young, midlife, and older adults. Moral reasoning was analyzed
in terms of Shweder's (1990) ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity. Within all three age groups, progressivists used
the ethic of, autonomy more than orthodox participants. Orthodox participants used the ethic of divinity more than progressivists.
Orthodox and progressivist groups did not differ much in their use of the ethic, of community. Very few age group differences
were found within the orthodox and progressivist groups. It is concluded that morality is conceived of in markedly different
wasy by orthodox and progressivist groups, and that these conceptions are consistent across age groups. 相似文献
46.
Lawrence D. Rosenblum Mark A. Schmuckler Jennifer A. Johnson 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1997,59(3):347-357
In the McGurk effect, perceptual identification of auditory speech syllables is influenced by simultaneous presentation of discrepant visible speech syllables. This effect has been found in subjects of different ages and with various native language backgrounds. But no McGurk tests have been conducted with prelinguistic infants. In the present series of experiments, 5-month-old English-exposed infants were tested for the McGurk effect. Infants were first gaze-habituated to an audiovisual /va/. Two different dishabituation stimuli were then presented: audio /ba/-visual /va/ (perceived by adults as /va/), and audio /da/-visual /va/ (perceived by adults as /da/). The infants showed generalization from the audiovisual /va/ to the audio /ba/-visual /va/ stimulus but not to the audio /da/-visual /va/ stimulus. Follow-up experiments revealed that these generalization differences were not due to a general preference for the audio /da/-visual /va/ stimulus or to the auditory similarity of /ba/ to /va/ relative to /da/. These results suggest that the infants were visually influenced in the same way as Englishspeaking adults are visually influenced. 相似文献
47.
In three experiments, asymmetries between the processing of crossed and uncrossed disparities were investigated. The target was a luminance-defined circle concentric to a fixation mark, viewed stereoscopically on a computer monitor for 105 msec. Fifteen disparities were presented according to the method of constant stimuli. Observers indicated the apparent direction of target depth relative to fixation. All experiments measured both the accuracy and latency of this response. Experiment 1 showed fewer errors and shorter reaction times for identifying crossed disparities. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated Experiment 1 and also showed that observers may often perceive a target in the direction opposite that prescribed by the disparity information. We propose that the asymmetries and reversals result from differences in computation of sign, not of magnitude. This notion is consistent with a scheme of continuous disparity tuning and accounts for such asymmetries and errors without positing disparity pooling mechanisms. 相似文献
48.
Claus Bundesen Søren Kyllingsbaek Kristján Jul Houmann Rune Møller Jensen 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1997,59(5):714-720
Subjects were presented with briefly exposed visual displays of words that were common first names with a length of four to six letters. In the main experiment, each display consisted of four words: two names shown in red and two shown in white. The subject’s task was to report the red names (targets), but ignore the white ones (distractors). On some trials the subject’s own name appeared as a display item (target or distractor). Presentation of the subject’s name as a distractor caused no more interference with report of targets than did presentation of other names as distractors. Apparently, visual attention was not automatically attracted by the subject’s own name. 相似文献
49.
Curtis W. Hart Robin Scroggs Claude Barbre Antoinette Goodwin Philip Paris Mark J. Hanson Kathryn Madden Annette G.E. Esser Raymond J. Lawrence Jr. Jilisa Snyder Karen A. Monk George M. Klee Loy McGill Jill Carlen Kirby Thandeka Pamela Davis Barnett Gregory Forte J.J. Haines Barry Ulanov Elizabeth MacDonald 《Journal of religion and health》1997,36(1):81-104
50.
The study of unimanual performance as a measure of laterality has ranged from simple concepts such as tests of handedness to highly complex conceptualizations interrelating anthropologic, cultural, genetic, and neurological aspects, including difference between unimanual performance in brain injured versus normal samples. This paper traces measures of unimanual performance through behavioral correlates of natural and unnatural sinistrality as related to cerebral organization, and concludes that unimanual performance represents a robust phenomenon with implications for understanding of neuropsychological correlates of behavior. 相似文献