Assessing Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence

Child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is widely acknowledged as a threat to the psycho-social and academic well-being of children. Unfortunately, as reflected in the literature, the specific link between such exposure and childhood outcomes is ambiguous. Based on a review of the literature, this article suggests that this state of affairs is due, in part, to the manner with which exposure to IPV is operationally defined. After reviewing the dominant strategies for operationally defining exposure to IPV and the problems associated with those strategies, this article reports original data contrasting three measures derived from maternal reports, three measures derived from child reports, and the limited concordance among those different indices of exposure to IPV. The implications of these findings for research on child outcomes and the clinical assessment of children who might have been exposed to IPV are discussed.     

Perceptual Demonstrative Thought: A Property-Dependent Theory

Topoi - The paper presents a new theory of perceptual demonstrative thought, the property-dependent theory. It argues that the theory is superior to both the object-dependent theory (Evans,...     

Icelandic and American Students' Expectations About Counseling

The Expectations About Counseling‐Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982) was administered to 261 Icelandic and 225 American undergraduates. A 2 (Nationality: Icelandic & American) x 2 (Sex: men & women) x 3 (Holland Type: A, S, E) between subjects multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was calculated with prior counseling experience as a covariate and expectations about counseling as dependent variables. Icelanders had higher expectations about counselor expertise than did Americans. In addition, women expected to be more personally committed in counseling than did men. Results are discussed in terms of counselor roles and functions and the role of help seeking in Iceland.     

Physicalism and the Fallacy of Composition

Physicalism, as I treat it here, holds that every instance of causationreported by the special sciences is shadowed, even rivalled, by causation atthe level of microphysics. The reported 'cause' is embodied in one massive collection of microparticle events; the 'event' in another; the former brings about the latter in accordance with the laws of microphysics. I argue that while individual events in the 'cause' collection bring about individual events in the 'effect' collection, it does not follow, and typically is unbelievable, that the 'cause' collection itself brings anything about. For typically that collection is too sprawling and disconnected from the standpoint of microphysics to do anything. Causings reported by the special sciences can be traced only at that level. This is actually unsurprising, since the objects of such sciences are not mere parcels of microparticles, but genuine wholes with natures of their own.     

Orientation tuning of shapefrom shading

Four experiments were performed to assess the effect of different orientations and direction of lighting on the visual processing of shaded or bipartite disks. In the first two experiments, observers were presented with nine different shading orientations from 0° to 180°. Targets were detected in a rapid and parallel fashion for shaded disks when the orientation of the shading gradient was not horizontal (90°) or oriented at 67.5°. Search asymmetries favoring the detection of “pock” targets over “ball” targets were found for all orientations. The search rates for bipartite disks were similar to the shaded disks at 0°, 22.5°, and 90° but not for intermediate orientations, and no search asymmetries were found. These differences suggest that shaded displays and bipartite displays are processed by different underlying mechanisms. The third experiment showed that the direction of the light source (left or right) had no influence on search asymmetries around the 90° point. Shading gradient orientation affected magnitude estimates of depth in the fourth experiment. These experiments show that the visual system’s “as-sumption” of overhead lighting is broadly tuned.     

Changing Issue Agendas of Women Clergy

Using data from separate studies conducted in 1988–89 and 1998, we explore changes in the issue agendas of women clergy. Rosenstone and Hansen (1993) argue persuasively that mobilization often occurs due to a commitment to a particular political issue. Our data allow us to test three separate hypotheses about the evolution of women clergy's issue agendas over the course of a decade that saw an unprecedented number of women enter the ministry. Shifts in the issue agendas of women clergy suggest a model of issue agenda evolution including four possible explanations for change: public agenda shifts, changes resulting from the growing number of women clergy, or ideological stability.     

Time perception in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder according to time duration, distraction and mode of presentation.

In a recent theoretical model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Barkley (1997a) predicted that ADHD children experience impairments in their psychological sense of time. This was demonstrated in a series of experiments by Barkley, Koplowicz, Anderson, and McMurray (1997). The present study sought to investigate the effects of ADHD subtype, stimulus duration, mode of presentation (visual versus auditory) and distractors on the performance of a simple time reproduction task. Data were obtained from 44 ADHD children (14 predominantly inattentive and 30 combined type) and 44 age-matched Controls using the Time Perception Application version 1.0 (Barkley, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 1998). Results revealed that the ADHD children made significantly larger errors on Visual time reproduction tasks than the Controls, regardless of ADHD subtype or the presence of distractors. Furthermore, ADHD children were more likely to overestimate the shorter time intervals (0.5 and 2 s) and underestimate the longer time intervals (3, 4 and 6 s) relative to Controls. No group differences were observed on the auditory time reproduction task, with both ADHD and Control groups consistently underestimating the durations to be reproduced. The results of this study provide further support for the prediction that children with ADHD have an impaired sense of time.