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81.
Rhoades LJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):95-107
This paper discusses ten lessons learned since 1989 about handling allegations of scientific misconduct involving biomedical
and behavioral research supported by the U. S. Public Health Service.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998.
The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Office of Research
Integrity, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or any other federal agency. 相似文献
82.
83.
This paper reviews the international scientific evidence on the effectiveness of secondary prevention interventions for young drug users. The review provides insight into the effectiveness of interventions that have been evaluated using moderately strong research designs. Most of the studies included are from the United States of America. Some interventions are effective in reducing drug use and associated problems while others have no or mixed effect. Those successful in reducing drug use include behavior therapy, Minnesota 12-step programs, residential care, and general drug treatment. Those with either no effect or mixed effect include schools interventions. Involving parents and other agencies may enhance an intervention's effect. There is a lack of good quality studies outside the USA. Future interventions should focus on either low- or high-risk groups of young drug users. Future research should be conducted on a wider range of services for young people and include non-medical outcomes such as communication skills, schooling, employment, family relations, and economic costs. 相似文献
84.
Drebing CE Van Ormer EA Krebs C Rosenheck R Rounsaville B Herz L Penk W 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2005,38(3):359-372
This study evaluated the efficacy of adding contingency management techniques to vocational rehabilitation (VR) to improve treatment outcome as measured by entry into competitive employment. Nineteen dually diagnosed veterans who entered VR in the Veterans' Administration's compensated work therapy (CWT) program were randomly assigned to CWT (n = 8) or to CWT with enhanced incentives (n = 11). Over the first 16 weeks of rehabilitation, those in the incentives condition could earn up to dollar 1,006 in cash for meeting two sets of clinical goals: (a) remaining abstinent from drugs and alcohol and (b) taking steps to obtain and maintain a competitive job. Results indicate that relative to participants in the CWT-only group, those in the incentives condition engaged in more job-search activities, were more likely to remain abstinent from drugs and alcohol, were more likely to obtain competitive employment, and earned an average of 68% more in wages. These results suggest that rehabilitation outcomes may be enhanced by restructuring traditional work-for-pay contingencies to include direct financial rewards for meeting clinical goals. 相似文献
85.
DeCarlo LT 《Perception & psychophysics》2005,67(5):886-896
Bias in magnitude scaling can be viewed as involving deviations of judgments from proportionality. A model of bias is shown to provide a theoretical basis for Stevens's conjecture about geometrically averaging magnitude estimation and magnitude production exponents in order to obtain an estimate of the psychophysical exponent. An overlooked result is that one can also obtain an estimate of the magnitude of the bias. Examples from several well-known studies are presented. The bias is also shown to vary in response to experimental manipulation of the stimulus range. Aspects of predicting exponents across experiments are clarified, and a new prediction is examined. The model of bias fills some theoretical gaps in magnitude scaling and clarifies underlying assumptions and predictions. 相似文献
86.
Brown LJ 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2005,74(2):397-420
Following a brief review of Freud's writings on trauma, the author discusses relevant theories of Bion, and in particular the concepts of the alpha function and the beta screen. A clinical example is presented in which the patient's relatively recent trauma in adulthood had become fused with prior related experiences, leading to a propensity for repeated enactments in analysis and a failure to learn from experience. Drawing on the analyst's alpha function, the patient was gradually able to use mentalization to transform her rigidly structured traumatic organization. The author highlights the roles of dreams/dream associations and of screen memories in the patient's analysis. 相似文献
87.
88.
Cozzolino PJ Staples AD Meyers LS Samboceti J 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2004,30(3):278-292
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit more greed than do control participants. The present research attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and possession as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports, a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipulation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mortality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to manifest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic, unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is discussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipulation and mortality salience. 相似文献
89.
90.
According to the perceptual symbols theory (Barsalou, 1999), sensorimotor simulations underlie the representation of concepts.
Simulations are componential in the sense that they vary with the context in which the concept is presented. In the present
study, we investigated whether representations are affected by recent experiences with a concept. Concept names (e.g., APPLE)
were presented twice in a property verification task with a different property on each occasion. The two properties were either
from the same perceptual modality (e.g.,green, shiny) or from different modalities (e.g.,tart, shiny). All stimuli were words. There was a lag of several intervening trials between the first and second presentation. Verification
times and error rates for the second presentation of the concept were higher if the properties were from different modalities
than if they were from the same modality. 相似文献