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101.
102.
Torbjörn Tännsjö 《Philosophical Studies》2007,135(2):123-143
Moral relativism comes in many varieties. One is a moral doctrine, according to which we ought to respect other cultures,
and allow them to solve moral problems as they see fit. I will say nothing about this kind of moral relativism in the present
context. Another kind of moral relativism is semantic moral relativism, according to which, when we pass moral judgements,
we make an implicit reference to some system of morality (our own). According to this kind of moral relativism, when I say
that a certain action is right, my statement is elliptic. What I am really saying is that, according to the system of morality
in my culture, this action is right. I will reject this kind of relativism. According to yet another kind of moral relativism,
which we may call epistemic, it is possible that, when one person (belonging to one culture) makes a certain moral judgement,
such as that this action is right, and another person (belong to another culture) makes the judgement that the very same action
is wrong, they may have just as good reasons for their respective judgements; it is even possible that, were they fully informed
about all the facts, equally imaginative, and so forth, they would still hold on to their respective (conflicting) judgements.
They are each fully justified in their belief in conflicting judgements. I will comment on this form of moral relativism in
passing. Finally, however, there is a kind of moral relativism we could call ontological, according to which, when two persons
pass conflicting moral verdicts on a certain action, they may both be right. The explanation is that they make their judgements
from the perspective of different, socially constructed, moral universes. So while it is true in the first person's moral
universe that a certain action is right, it is true in the second person's moral universe that the very same action is wrong.
I explain and defend this version of ontological moral relativism. 相似文献
103.
The lens of behavioral decision theory offers a new perspective for research on time management. The basic idea of this approach is that people discount future consequences of their time management decisions, meaning that they work on tasks with smaller but sooner outcomes rather than on tasks with larger but later outcomes. The authors performed 2 experimental studies to test whether people are sensitive to differences in the discounted utility of time management decisions. In Experiment 1, they used vignettes of typical time management situations; Experiment 2 was a laboratory simulation (an in-basket task that was part of a training assessment). Participants in both studies were German students. As expected, manipulating the discounted utility of options resulted in different time management decisions. In Experiment 1, reactions to time management situations were judged as less likely if the reactions had lower discounted utilities. In Experiment 2, people spent less time on an interruption. 相似文献
104.
Distinct ventral and dorsal hippocampus AP5 anxiolytic effects revealed in the elevated plus-maze task in rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The hippocampal formation (HPC) mediates processes associated with learning, memory, anxiety and fear. The glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor subtype is involved in many HPC functional processes related to learning and memory. Although not tested for the HPC, NMDA-receptor antagonists reduced fear and anxiety related responses when applied to other brain regions mediating defensive behaviour. Consequently, this study evaluated the effects of ventral or dorsal HPC application of the NMDA-receptor antagonist, AP5, in rats submitted to the Trial 1/Trial 2 elevated plus-maze (EPM) task. Ventral, but not dorsal, infusions of AP5 (6 and 24 nmol) before EPM Trial 1 increased open arms exploration and reduced risk assessment behavior, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect. Furthermore, no interference in the avoidance responses was detected during EPM Trial 2 after AP5 infusion into the ventral or dorsal HPC before Trial 1, post-trial 1, or before Trial 2. These data support the notion of differential involvement of ventral HPC, but not dorsal, in mechanisms associated with anxiety and suggest the participation of the glutamatergic transmission, through NMDA receptor, into the ventral HPC in the mediation of defensive behavior. 相似文献
105.
106.
The mixed blessings of migration: Life satisfaction and self‐esteem over the course of migration 下载免费PDF全文
Jan‐Erik Lönnqvist Sointu Leikas Tuuli Anna Mähönen Inga Jasinskaja‐Lahti 《European journal of social psychology》2015,45(4):496-514
We investigated the psychological adaptation of Ingrian–Finnish migrants from Russia to Finland between 2008 and 2013. Pre‐migration data (N = 225) were collected at the Finnish language courses that were part of the immigration training program. The three post‐migration follow‐ups were conducted half a year (N = 155), and 2 (N = 133) and 3 years (N = 85) after migration. Well‐being was assessed with measures of Life Satisfaction and Self‐Esteem. Life Satisfaction increased from pre‐migration to the first post‐migration measurement point, after which it stabilized. Self‐Esteem decreased throughout the study. Variables reflecting adjustment to the event of migration (e.g., acculturation stress, socio‐cultural adaptation) were primarily associated with well‐being at the first post‐migration measurement point. More general determinants of well‐being (e.g., social support and subjective economic situation) were more consistently associated with well‐being throughout the study. The results suggest that migration can be beneficial to some but detrimental to other types of well‐being. 相似文献
107.
108.
National identification and attitudes towards Russian immigrants in Finland: Investigating the role of perceived threats and gains 下载免费PDF全文
Asteria Brylka Tuuli Anna Mähönen Inga Jasinskaja‐Lahti 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2015,56(6):670-677
In this cross‐sectional study, we examined the relationship between national identification of majority Finns (nation‐wide probability sample, N = 335) and their attitudes towards Russian immigrants living in Finland. As previous research indicates both possibilities, we tested whether this relationship was moderated or mediated by threats and gains perceived to result from immigration. The results supported the mediation hypothesis; those individuals who identified stronger with their national ingroup perceived more threats than gains related to increased immigration and these perceptions, in turn, were associated with more negative attitudes towards immigrants. The role of realistic as opposed to symbolic threats and gains was particularly pronounced. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of their theoretical relevance and practical means to improve intergroup relations, with a particular focus on the relations between Finns and Russian immigrants in Finland. 相似文献
109.
Naming an object in the context of other objects requires the selection and processing of the target object at different levels, while the processing of competing representations activated by context objects has to be constrained. At what stage are these competing representations attenuated? To address this question, we presented pairs of target and context objects that were either similar in visual shape (e.g., umbrella–palm tree) or dissimilar in visual shape (e.g., umbrella–ladder), so that the context object would attract various amounts of attention. The activation of the context object at different levels of processing was assessed by means of auditory distractors (semantically related, or phonologically related, or unrelated to the context object). Semantic and phonological distractor effects were observed for shape-related object pairs, but not for unrelated object pairs. This finding suggests that context objects do not activate their associated lexical representations to any substantial amount, unless they capture attention. In that case, they undergo full lexical processing up to a phonological level. Implications for models of word production are discussed. 相似文献
110.