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941.
The concept of prospective memory is relatively recent. Thus, it is necessary to have instruments to assess it, in interaction with retrospective memory. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Smith et al., 2000) is an instrument that has been effectively used for assessment in several languages. Nevertheless, there is still no Spanish adaptation. The aim of this study was to translate the PRMQ and obtain information about its psychometric properties. A back translation process was applied to the PRMQ. The resulting PRMQ-S was self-administered to 520 subjects after applying the pilot test. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test competing models of its latent structure. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The results showed an adequate internal consistency of the total scale and the Prospective and Retrospective scales were: .89, .84 and .76, respectively. The factor structure was compared with the original study. Our results suggested a disagreement with the tripartite model defended by the authors of the PRMQ. Since there is a high correlation between two factors in the bi-factor model, and the tripartite model showed non-significant loadings to the two specific factors, we recommend that the PRMQ-S be used as one general memory score. We demonstrated adequate psychometric properties of the PRMQ-S if it is used as unique measurement of memory failures. These results are relevant due to the need for a short and accurate instrument in our language that explores memory failures, which has a major impact on the activities of daily living. 相似文献
942.
Milán EG Rodríguez Artacho MA Moreno-Ríos S de Córdoba MJ Pereda A González-Hernández A 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2011,14(2):548-555
In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naive Control Group). The results of these studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as the experimental group (with white numbers as targets and a second imaginary color task) -Trained Control Group-. We found no cost for this second control group. This means that the cost of mental set reconfiguration between numbers (inducers) and their photisms (concurrent sensations) occurs, that there is a specific cost asymmetry (from photisms to inducers) and that this cost cannot be explained by associative learning. The results are discussed in terms of exogenous and endogenous components of mental set reconfiguration. 相似文献
943.
This study longitudinally examined the production of pointing in four Spanish 1-year-old and four Spanish 2-year-old children in interactive situations with their mothers at home over the course of one year. Three aspects were analyzed: a) the functions of the pointing gesture, their accurate comprehension by the interlocutor (mother or child), and their order of emergence in the child; b) whether or not there were differences in the production of pointing according to who initiated the interaction; and c) whether maternal and child speech were related to maternal and child pointing production. The results showed that the pointing function of showing is the most frequent for both children and mothers from groups 1 and 2, and the first to emerge followed by the informing, requesting object, requesting action, and requesting cooperation functions. The accuracy with which these intentions were comprehended was found to be very high for both mother and child. Pointing production was greater when the speaker initiated the interaction than when the other person did, indicating that gestures follow the turn-taking system. Finally, the production of pointing to showing in children and mothers was found to be related to maternal and child speech, while pointing to request cooperation triggered the process of joint activity between mother and child. 相似文献
944.
Díaz-Herrero A López-Pina JA Pérez-López J Brito de la Nuez AG Martínez-Fuentes MT 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2011,14(2):990-997
The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form in a sample of 115 fathers of infants aged between ten and thirty-nine months old. The exploratory factor analysis revealed three reasonably distinct factors, as in the original version of the instrument. The three extracted factors: Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child accounted for 47.48 % of the variance. The internal consistency coefficients were high in each factor or subscale. These results provided empirical evidence in favour of the reliability and validity of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form in Spanish fathers, and can be useful to elucidate the mechanisms through which stress impacts parenting and permitting to develop more targeted interventions for infants and their families. 相似文献
945.
In adults, the onset of coherent motion compared to random motion in a random dot kinematogram leads to a right hemispheric amplitude advantage of the N2 response. The source of this asymmetry is believed to lie in the motion selective MT+ cortex. Here, we tested whether the right tempo-parietal N2 component shows a similar regularity in children. In particular, we were interested in whether coherent vs. incoherent motion modulates the amplitude of N2 similarly in dyslexic and control children. We found higher N2 amplitude for coherent compared to random motion in the right hemisphere for controls but not for dyslexics. This effect was related to topographical differences of N2 amplitude for random motion between the studied groups and was accompanied by longer reaction times to random motion in dyslexic compared to control children. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the amplitude of N2 for random motion and spelling errors was observed in both groups, which is consistent with previous findings linking the magnocellular-dorsal (MD) pathway with orthographic skills. These data support the hypothesis of subtle deficiencies in the MD pathway in dyslexia. 相似文献
946.
947.
Many argue that dogs show unique susceptibility to human communicative signals that make them suitable for being engaged in
complex co-operation with humans. It has also been revealed that socially provided information is particularly effective in
influencing the behaviour of dogs even when the human’s action demonstration conveys inefficient or mistaken solution of task.
It is unclear, however, how the communicative nature of the demonstration context and the presence of the human demonstrator
affect the dogs’ object-choice behaviour in observational learning situations. In order to unfold the effects of these factors,
76 adult pet dogs could observe a communicative or a non-communicative demonstration in which the human retrieved a tennis
ball from under an opaque container while manipulating another distant and obviously empty (transparent) one. Subjects were
then allowed to choose either in the presence of the demonstrator or after she left the room. Results showed a significant
main effect of the demonstration context (presence or absence of the human’s communicative signals), and we also found some
evidence for the response-modifying effect of the presence of the human demonstrator during the dogs’ choice. That is, dogs
predominantly chose the baited container, but if the demonstration context was communicative and the human was present during
the dogs’ choice, subjects’ tendency to select the baited container has been reduced. In agreement with the studies showing
sensitivity to human’s communicative signals in dogs, these findings point to a special form of social influence in observational
learning situations when it comes to learning about causally opaque and less efficient (compared to what comes natural to
the dog) action demonstrations. 相似文献
948.
The ability to quantify, i.e. to estimate quantity, may provide evolutionary advantages in some contexts and has been demonstrated
in a variety of animal species. In a prior study, we showed that angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were able to discriminate between groups (shoals) in which a large number of conspecifics swam preferring to join the larger
of the two. Our results implied that angelfish can compare relative shoal sizes likely on the basis of some quantitative attributes
of the shoal. Here, also using a binary preference test, we examined whether angelfish are able to discriminate between shoals
of small numbers of conspecifics, and if so whether their performance reveals a comparable underlying mechanism to that proposed
for discrimination of small quantities in human and non-human animals, namely the possible precursor of the ability to count.
Our results demonstrate that fish reliably chose 4 versus 1, 3 versus 1, 2 versus 1 and 3 versus 2 individuals, but were at
chance performance level when having to choose between 4 versus 3, 5 versus 4 and 6 versus 5. Findings also reveal that the
density of the fish in the stimulus shoals did not significantly affect the performance of experimental angelfish. These results
are compatible with the hypothesis of the existence of an object-file mechanism to discriminate small quantities in vertebrates
and provide evidence for spontaneous discrimination of up to three elements in angelfish, a similar limit to that found in
human and non-human animals. The findings add to the growing body of data, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying discrimination
between different quantities of items may be shared across different taxa and have an evolutionary ancient origin. 相似文献
949.
Recent results from Cannon, Hayes, and Tipper (2010) have established that the Action Compatibility Effect (ACE) is hedonically marked and elicits a genuine positive reaction. In this work, we aim to show that the hedonic marking of the ACE has incidental consequences on affective judgment. For this, we used the affective priming paradigm principle (for a review, see Musch & Klauer, 2003): participants have to respond, as quickly as they can, regarding the pleasantness or unpleasantness character of a target word. In the priming phase, we do not present an affective stimulus; however, we present two different graspable objects, one after the other. The handles of the graspable objects are shown either both on the same side (i.e., perceptual action compatibility) or not (i.e., perceptual action incompatibility). In addition, the orientation of the handles of the objects are either compatible (i.e., action compatibility) or not (i.e., action compatibility) with the response hand used for the word evaluation. Consistent with our hypothesis, participants responded faster to positive words after perceptual action compatibility and action compatibility (thus demonstrating the ACE) than after incompatibility conditions. 相似文献
950.
Gaona-González A Santillán-Doherty AM Arenas-Rosas RV Muñoz-Delgado J Aguillón-Pantaleón MA Ordoñez-Gómez JD Márquez-Arias A 《Behavior research methods》2011,43(2):340-352
We propose a method for capturing vocalizations that is designed to avoid some of the limiting factors found in traditional
bioacoustical methods, such as the impossibility of obtaining continuous long-term registers or analyzing amplitude due to
the continuous change of distance between the subject and the position of the recording system. Using Bluetooth technology,
vocalizations are captured and transmitted wirelessly into a receiving system without affecting the quality of the signal.
The recordings of the proposed system were compared to those obtained as a reference, which were based on the coding of the
signal with the so-called pulse-code modulation technique in WAV audio format without any compressing process. The evaluation showed p < .05 for the measured quantitative and qualitative parameters. We also describe how the transmitting system is encapsulated
and fixed on the animal and a way to video record a spider monkey’s behavior simultaneously with the audio recordings. 相似文献