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561.
McCullough LB 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》1999,9(1):7-23
At different times during its history medicine has been laid open to accountability for its scientific and moral quality. This phenonmenon of laying medicine open has sometimes resulted in major turning points in the history of medical ethics. In this paper, I examine two examples of when the laying open of medicine has generated such turning points: eighteenth-century British medicine and late twentieth-century American medicine. In the eighteenth century, the Scottish physician-philosopher, John Gregory (1724-1773), concerned with the unscientific, entrepreneurial, self-interested nature of then current medical practice, laid medicine open to accountability using the tools of ethics and philosophy of medicine. In the process, Gregory wrote the first professional ethics of medicine in the English-language literature, based on the physician's fiduciary responsibility to the patient. In the late twentieth century, the managed practice of medicine has laid medicine open to accountability for its scientific quality and economic cost. This current laying open of medicine creates the challenge of developing medical ethics and bioethics for population-based medical science and practice. 相似文献
562.
Breittmayer JP Bungener M De The H Eschwege E Fougereau M Guedj G Kordon C Philippe O Postel-Vinay MC Schaffar-Esterle L;French National Medical Health Research Institute 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):41-48
Institutions in France are not yet well prepared to respond to allegations of scientific misconduct. Following a serious allegation
in late 1997. INSERM,* the primary organization for medical and health-related research in France, began to reflect on this
subject, aided by scientists and jurists. The conclusions have resulted in establishing a procedure to be followed in cases
of alleged misconduct, and also in reinforcing the application of good laboratory practices within each laboratory. Guidelines
for authorship practices and scientific assessment must also be considered. Even though each institution must remain responsible
for responding to allegations of scientific misconduct within its doors, INSERM would like to see national, European, and
international co-ordination about the methods of such response.
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (eng. French National Medical Research Institute) is known as INSERM.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
563.
Laurence Thomas 《Studies in East European Thought》1979,20(1):67-79
Conclusion In this paper, I have assessed Marx's criticism of capitalism, and the practice of divided labor, from the standpoint of two important senses of worth which persons can have, namely self-respect and self-esteem. I have tried to show that in either case, Communism, as Marx envisioned it, is not the superior to capitalism he might have supposed. Along the way, I hope to have also shown the importance of distinguishing between two concepts, namely self-respect and self-esteem.This paper has benefited from the criticisms of several individuals: Elizabeth Rapaport, who commented upon the version which was read at the Western Meetings of the American Philosophical Association in 1977; Allen Buchanan, who sent me a number of comments, as well as a quite helpful paper of his entitled Exploitation, Alienation, and Injustice; and a referee forStudies in Soviet Thought. My concern to meet their criticisms have made this paper immeasurably better. 相似文献
564.
Eighteen aphasics and seven normal controls were examined as to their ability to comprehend utterances when correct interpretation required integration of extralinguistic cues in a natural setting. Videotaped situations were presented in which the correct interpretation of an utterance was not the literal interpretation but was the meaning conveyed by the request in a particular context. The aphasics' performance with indirect requests was superior to their performance on a standard battery of auditory comprehension tasks. Standard tests of auditory language comprehension, therefore, offer a measure of aphasic breakdown in linguistic processing but do not adequately reflect aphasics' receptive abilities in natural communicative settings. When the aphasic subjects did demonstrate difficulties with natural settings, their difficulty was, in part, a function of their level of performance on the standard battery. In addition, when the linguistic element of the communicative setting conveyed negative intent, aphasics were further reduced in their ability to interpret a message correctly. Otherwise, the aphasic subjects performance resembled that of the normal controls in that they demonstrated the capacity to utilize extralinguistic cues to discern correctly the conveyed intent in many requests. 相似文献
565.
A rapid method is described for machine computation of biserial correlations in item analysis with several criteria. This method has been found to yield biserial correlations from punched IBM cards at the rate of about 41 per hour. 相似文献
566.
Existing research on price deals has largely demonstrated positive financial and nonfinancial consequences of obtaining a deal. In contrast, the research reported here suggests that certain price deals—in this case, coupons—can also produce negative social consequences, such as creating an impression of cheapness or stinginess. Decisions to redeem coupons are shown to involve a trade‐off between the social incentives to avoid coupons and competing economic and psychological incentives to redeem coupons. Consumers strategically adjusted their decision in response to factors that changed the relative strength of these incentives; specifically, they avoided coupons when they were concerned that coupon use would lead to negative social consequences but redeemed coupons when the circumstances reduced these concerns. Although decisions to refuse a coupon might violate principles of economic rationality, it is argued that such decisions are nevertheless functional as they serve important social goals. In this sense, it can be smarter for consumers to forgo a deal rather than obtain one. 相似文献
567.
568.
Steinberg L Albert D Cauffman E Banich M Graham S Woolard J 《Developmental psychology》2008,44(6):1764-1778
It has been hypothesized that sensation seeking and impulsivity, which are often conflated, in fact develop along different timetables and have different neural underpinnings, and that the difference in their timetables helps account for heightened risk taking during adolescence. In order to test these propositions, the authors examined age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity in a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample of 935 individuals between the ages of 10 and 30, using self-report and behavioral measures of each construct. Consistent with the authors' predictions, age differences in sensation seeking, which are linked to pubertal maturation, follow a curvilinear pattern, with sensation seeking increasing between 10 and 15 and declining or remaining stable thereafter. In contrast, age differences in impulsivity, which are unrelated to puberty, follow a linear pattern, with impulsivity declining steadily from age 10 on. Heightened vulnerability to risk taking in middle adolescence may be due to the combination of relatively higher inclinations to seek excitement and relatively immature capacities for self-control that are typical of this period of development. 相似文献
569.
The development of automatic numerosity processing in preschoolers: evidence for numerosity-perceptual interference 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three experiments examined developmental changes in the automatic processing of numerosity and perceptual information using a nonsymbolic numerical Stroop paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2 (E1 and E2), 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds had to compare the numerosities or the total filled areas of collections of dots (E1) or bars (E2) varying along both dimensions. Experiment 3 replicated E2's results in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds. Results demonstrated the existence of reciprocal influences between numerical and perceptual information beginning at age 3. Moreover, the irrelevant perceptual influences remained stable throughout development, whereas the sensitivity to irrelevant numerical cues tended to increase with age despite children's growing inhibition capacities. No significant correlation could be found between these developmental changes and the acquisition of counting knowledge. 相似文献
570.
Is there still a place for the concept of ‘therapeutic regression’ in psychoanalysis? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Spurling LS 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2008,89(3):523-540