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871.
872.
Miron Zuckerman Michael H. Kernis Salvatore M. Guarnera John F. Murphy Lauren Rappoport 《Journal of personality》1983,51(4):621-630
The egocentric bias—the tendency to see oneself as both cause and target of another person's behavior—was examined in the context of a small group interaction. Pairs of subjects plus a confederate conducted a short discussion, their goal being to achieve consensus on a specific topic. The discussion was interrupted by the experimenter when the confederate summarized his/her opinion. It was found that subjects were more likely to see themselves as a cause as well as a target of the confederate's last statement compared to the way they were seen by other group members. Subjects were also more likely to exaggerate the amount of attention they received from the confederate. The overall egocentric bias scores were correlated with subjects' level of self-esteem. Cognitive and motivational processes that may account for this bias were discussed. 相似文献
873.
Lauren Bartlett P. Aarne Vesilind Professor P. Aarne Vesilind 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):191-201
The complexity of chromium chemistry makes it an ideal example of how the Principle of Expediency, first articulated by sanitary
pioneer Earle Phelps, can be used in a standard setting. Expediency, defined by Phelps as “the attempt to reduce the numerical
measure of probable harm, or the logical measure of existing hazard, to the lowest level that is practicable and feasible
within the limitations of financial resources and engineering skill”, can take on negative connotations unless subject to
ethical guidance. In this paper we argue that without ethical principles as a rubric for negotiating environmental regulations,
communities run the risk of slipping from the Principle of Expediency as defined by Phelps to the alternative usage of expediency
meaning that which does not reflect ethical consideration or concern beyond self-serving interest. Three ethical ideals—justice,
mercy and humility—are suggested as values to be considered while resolving regulatory issues related to environmental protection.
The Principle of Expediency serves as a working principle, but not as a rigid algorithm, for setting regulatory limits for
environmental concentrations of waste products like chromium.
This paper is based on a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD degree by Lauren Bartlett, Duke University,
1997.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series. 相似文献
874.
Lauren E. Storck 《Group》1997,21(4):331-349
Most psychotherapists are aware of the many social issues and cultural factors that influence development throughout each individual life. Human nature, being a social nature, exists within relationships to others, the community, and a culture, sometimes a mixture of cultures. One social parameter, social class, redefined here as psychosocial class, has not received the same attention from psychotherapists as gender issues or ethnicity, two other important sociocultural spheres of influence on everyday life. It is suggested that group therapists are in a unique position to develop a cultural psychotherapy that addresses psychosocial class and cultural aspects of mental health. This paper includes a preliminary model of cultural psychotherapy that highlights the psychology of social class and culture for psychodynamic group psychotherapy. 相似文献
875.
876.
The timing of misleading questions within an interview (immediate, 7‐week delay) and temperament characteristics as correlates of suggestibility were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 6/7‐year‐olds, 9/10‐year‐olds, and adults were given general‐to‐specific questions at both intervals or misleading questions initially and general‐to‐specific questions at delay. In Experiment 2, 4/5‐year‐olds, 9/10‐year‐olds, and adults were given general‐to‐specific questions at both intervals or general‐to‐specific questions initially and misleading questions at delay. Introducing misleading questions in the initial interview increased suggestibility for peripheral features, whereas suggestibility for central features was found when misleading questions were asked in the delayed interview. Age changes in recall and elaboration for categorical information were found. Some temperament characteristics were associated with age‐related changes in compliance and suggestibility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
877.
Duncan Lauren E. Wentworth Phyllis A. Owen-Smith Ashli LaFavor Theresa 《Sex roles》2002,47(5-6):237-247
We examined midlife educational, career, and family outcomes of women who attended prestigious women's colleges in the 1960s. One college had a coeducational learning environment (CLE), the other was a single-sex environment (SLE). We hypothesized that in CLEs, exposure to men's standards of achievement might have resulted in greater educational and career status outcomes but more discrimination; in SLEs, there might have been fewer opportunities to engage with men intellectually, which could lead to lesser educational and career status outcomes, but the environment might have felt more supportive. Graduates of both colleges were very accomplished 30 years after graduation; however, those who had experienced a CLE reported more sexism and more active involvement in the women's movement than SLE graduates. 相似文献
878.
Achieving ego integrity: Personality development in late midlife 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cynthia M. Torges Abigail J. Stewart Lauren E. Duncan 《Journal of research in personality》2008,42(4):1004-1019
Using data from two longitudinal studies of educated white women, we explored precursors and correlates of ego integrity versus despair, which is the last developmental stage in Erikson’s theory of adult development. The women comprising Study 1 graduated from Smith College in 1964 (N = 42); the women comprising Study 2 graduated from Radcliffe College also in 1964 (N = 50). In both studies, hierarchical regressions indicated that women who had resolved their regrets at age 53 achieved higher levels of ego integrity at age 62, and those who had resolved their regrets at age 62 also had higher concurrent levels of ego integrity. Further, in study 2, generativity at age 53 was found to predict ego integrity at age 62. 相似文献
879.
Glisky EL Kong LL 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):809-822
Source memory has consistently been associated with prefrontal function in both normal and clinical populations. Nevertheless, the exact contribution of this brain region to source memory remains uncertain, and evidence suggests that processes used by young and older adults may differ. The authors explored the extent to which scores on composite measures of neuropsychological tests of frontal and medial temporal function differentially predicted the performance of young and older adults on source memory tasks. Results indicated that a frontal composite measure, consistently associated with source memory performance in older adults, was unrelated to source memory in young adults, although it was sensitive to a demanding working memory task. The memory composite score, however, predicted performance in the young group. In addition, item and source memory were correlated in young but not older people. Findings are discussed in terms of age-related differences in working memory and executive functions, and differential binding processes necessary for item and source memory. The requirement to integrate item and source information at encoding appears to place greater demands on executive or working memory processes in older adults than in younger adults. 相似文献
880.
Lauren Bennett Cattaneo 《Sex roles》2008,58(7-8):592-594