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881.
Two studies examined the role of religious commitment in moderating the relationship between positive affect (PA) and meaning in life. In Study 1, Sample 1, religiosity was found to moderate the relationship between naturally occurring PA and meaning in life, showing that high levels of religiosity attenuated the effects of PA on meaning in life. In Study 1, Sample 2, religiosity similarly moderated the effects of induced mood on meaning in life. In addition, this pattern of results was shown to be unique to meaning in life compared to another life domain (life satisfaction). In Study 2, subliminally priming Christians with positive religious words (e.g., “Heaven”) was further shown to weaken the association between PA and meaning in life, whereas subliminal primes of negative religious words (e.g., “hell”) weakened the association between religious commitment and meaning in life. A competition of cues model is proposed to account for these effects. 相似文献
882.
Simine Vazire Laura P. Naumann Peter J. Rentfrow Samuel D. Gosling 《Journal of research in personality》2008
Narcissism is characterized in part by an acute concern for one’s appearance. Despite this fundamental aspect of narcissism, little is known about whether narcissism is manifested in features of physical appearance. Can you tell if someone is narcissistic just by looking at them? Our results indicate that snap judgments of narcissism based on full-body photographs are at least as accurate as snap judgments of any of the big five personality traits. Narcissists are more likely to wear expensive, flashy clothing, have an organized, neat appearance requiring a lot of preparation, and (in females) wear makeup and show cleavage. Furthermore, observers’ judgments correlate with the presence of these cues, suggesting that they are drawing on the correct information when making their judgments. Finally, observers’ judgments are associated with three of the four facets of narcissism and capture the unique constellation of personality traits typical of narcissists (i.e., high extraversion and low agreeableness). These findings suggest that physical appearance reflects narcissists’ personality, preoccupation with good looks, and desire to be the center of attention, and serves as a vehicle with which to promote their status. 相似文献
883.
This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that belief in a genetic aetiology of schizophrenia will increase the stigma
associated with the disorder. Levels of five potentially stigmatising attitudes were compared in two groups of participants
who had read a vignette describing an individual who has schizophrenia. In one group the disorder was explained as being caused
by ‘genetic’ factors, and in the other by ‘environmental’ factors. This study found that three of the five potentially stigmatising
attitudes measured were increased when participants read a vignette with a genetic causation rather than an environmental
causation. Firstly, genetic attributions increased levels of associative stigma towards close relatives (p < 0.001). Secondly, participants viewed recovery as less likely when genetic factors were implicated as causative (p < 0.001). Finally, there was also an increased perception of the character’s “dangerousness” when the condition was explained
by genetic factors (p < 0.05). Contrary to previous research was the finding that perceived aetiology had no effect on participant’s desire for
social distance from an affected individual. Neither did perceived aetiology influence beliefs about moral accountability.
The implications of these findings suggest that genetic counsellors and other health professionals, who are providing genetic
information to those affected by schizophrenia should be aware of the possibility that a genetic explanation of schizophrenia
could increase potentially stigmatising attitudes towards their clients and their clients’ families. It is also possible that
individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may themselves form deterministic interpretations of the genetic information
they receive and subsequently be less likely to adopt behavioural advice or adhere to treatment. Counsellors and health professionals
should strive to present information in a balanced manner, ensuring recipients understand the multi-factorial causes of the
disease. 相似文献
884.
E. Saskia Kunnen Viviana Sappa Paul L. C. van Geert Laura Bonica 《Journal of Adult Development》2008,15(3-4):113-131
Based on a model developed by Kunnen et al. (in: Nurmi (ed) Navigating through adolescence: European perspectives, 2001), we investigated trajectories of commitment development in university students and their relation with well-being, identity style, coping, personality, and ego-development. By means of cluster analysis on individual trajectories, we distinguished different clusters of trajectories in six domains of life. Almost all clusters could be classified according to the identity status theory, either on a moratorium-achieved trajectory (MAMA), or as a stable trajectory in one of the four identity statuses. As expected, clusters with stable strong commitment had highest levels of well-being, and MAMA clusters had highest levels of ego-development. In general, the condition “having no commitments for a prolonged period” was more strongly related to non-optimal outcomes than the condition “no exploration.” This is surprising, given the important role of exploration in identity development. We suggested that having no commitments may affect—probably temporarily—the coping preferences and personality characteristics. Differences between the domains can be interpreted as effects of different societal demands and the social or non-social nature of the domain. 相似文献
885.
Ruiz-Medina J Redolar-Ripoll D Morgado-Bernal I Aldavert-Vera L Segura-Torres P 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,89(4):574-581
Post-training intracranial electrical self-stimulation can improve learning and memory consolidation in rats. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not known yet. Since previous paradigms of this kind of facilitation are relatively unsuitable to try a molecular approach, here we develop a single and short model of learning and memory facilitation by post-training self-stimulation that could make easier the research of its neural and molecular basis. Thus, three consecutive experiments were carried out to ascertain whether post-training self-stimulation is able to facilitate memory when learning consists of only a brief (5 trials) two-way active avoidance conditioning session. The results of Experiment 1 showed that it is actually possible, and that 48 h after the acquisition session is a very good time to observe the memory improvement. As a way to probe the retroactive effect of self-stimulation, in Experiment 2 we observed that the same self-stimulation treatment given to the subjects not post-training but 48 h before a single two-way active avoidance session does not improve the acquisition of conditioning. In Experiment 3, we showed that the SS facilitative effect observed 48 h after the acquisition session in Experiment 1 was still maintained one week later. We concluded that post-training intracranial self-stimulation can consistently improve memory consolidation even when little acquisition training is given to the animals in a single training session. 相似文献
886.
Tammy D. Allen Kristen M. Shockley Laura F. Poteat 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2008,73(2):336-342
This study investigated relationships between workplace factors and family dinners. We examined two aspects of the family dinner, the frequency that the entire family typically has dinner together each week and the frequency that children eat fast food for dinner. Participants were 220 parents who worked at least 20 h a week and had at least one child living at home. Results indicated that work interference with family (WIF) mediated the relationship between family-supportive supervision and family dinner frequency. Greater flexplace (i.e., telecommuting) availability was associated with less frequent use of fast food for children’s dinner. 相似文献
887.
Background Early, intensive phonological awareness and phonics training is widely held to be beneficial for children with poor phonological awareness. However, most studies have delivered this training separately from children's normal whole‐class reading lessons. Aims We examined whether integrating this training into whole class, mixed‐ability reading lessons could impact on children with poor phonological awareness, whilst also benefiting normally developing readers. Sample Teachers delivered the training within a broad reading programme to whole classes of children from Reception to the end of Year 1 (N = 251). A comparison group of children received standard teaching methods (N = 213). Method Children's literacy was assessed at the beginning of Reception, and then at the end of each year until 1 year post‐intervention. Results The strategy significantly impacted on reading performance for normally developing readers and those with poor phonological awareness, vastly reducing the incidence of reading difficulties from 20% in comparison schools to 5% in intervention schools. Conclusions Phonological and phonics training is highly effective for children with poor phonological awareness, even when incorporated into whole‐class teaching. 相似文献
888.
Mansueti L de Frias CM Bub D Dixon RA 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2008,15(5):545-573
Relatively little systematic information is available regarding patterns of cognitive effects of mild stroke in older adults. We explored this problem with a series of two independent samples from the Victoria Longitudinal Study data archives. In Study 1, self-reported mild stroke and neurologically intact matched controls were (a) confirmed as similar on a set of neurocognitive speed, basic cognition, and awareness indicators, and (b) compared for differences on a set of episodic, semantic, and working memory tasks. The mild stroke group was selectively worse on the language intensive story memory task. This effect was partially attributable to a deficit in remembering the most thematic information. Study 2 closely replicated these procedures and results. In addition, Study 2 follow-up analyses, comparing provisional right-hemisphere damaged and left-hemisphere damaged (LHD) participants, revealed that the thematic story memory deficit for mild stroke participants could be due to the selective impairment of LHD participants. 相似文献
889.
Functional communication training (FCT; Carr & Durand, 1985) is a commonly used differential reinforcement procedure for replacing problem behavior with socially acceptable alternative responses. Most studies in the FCT literature consist of demonstrations of the maintenance of responding when various treatment components (e.g., extinction, punishment) are present and absent (e.g., Fisher et al., 1993; Wacker et al., 1990). Relatively little research on FCT has (a) evaluated the conditions under which alternative responses are acquired or (b) described procedures with technological precision. Thus, additional research on a cogent technology for response acquisition appears to be warranted. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of exposing problem behavior to extinction for inducing response variability as a tool for selecting an alternative response during FCT. Once participants engaged in appropriate alternative responses, the reinforcer identified in the functional analysis as maintaining problem behavior was delivered contingent on the alternative behavior. Results showed that exposing problem behavior to extinction was a useful method for producing alternative behaviors during FCT. 相似文献
890.
Influence of verbal and nonverbal references to print on preschoolers' visual attention to print during storybook reading 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
How much do preschool children look at print within storybooks when adults read to them? This study sought to answer this question as well as to examine the effects of adult verbal and nonverbal references to print on children's visual attention to print during storybook reading. Forty-four preschool-aged children participated in this study designed to determine the amount of visual attention children paid to print in 4 planned variations of storybook reading. Children's visual attention to print was examined when adults commented and questioned about print (verbal print condition) or pointed to and tracked the print (nonverbal print condition), relative to 2 comparison conditions (verbatim reading and verbal picture conditions). Results showed that children rarely look at print, with about 5%-6% of their fixations allocated to print in verbatim and verbal picture reading conditions. However, preschoolers' visual attention to print increases significantly when adults verbally and nonverbally reference print; both reading styles exerted similar effects. The authors conclude that explicit referencing of print is 1 way to increase young children's contacts with print during shared storybook reading. 相似文献