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981.
Laura L. Grow James E. Carr Kristin V. Gunby Shaireen M. Charania Lucita Gonsalves Inas A. Ktaech April N. Kisamore 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2009,18(2):142-156
The acquisition of new skills may be hindered when teaching procedures vary from previously validated approaches or contain
errors. In the present study, we compared the acquisition and maintenance of response chains taught using a perfectly implemented
system of least prompts and a multiple verbal prompts procedure (i.e., addition of multiple verbal prompts and failure to
follow through with more intrusive prompts). Four children, aged 6–9, participated in the study. An adapted alternating treatments
design was used to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of learning during the system of least prompts and the alternative
system of least prompts. Results were consistent with those obtained in previous studies in that the perfectly implemented
and alternative prompting procedures were effective in teaching new skills for all participants. However, the perfectly implemented
treatment required fewer trials to mastery for 4 of the 5 evaluations. Response chains taught under the multiple verbal prompts
condition had poorer maintenance for 2 of the 5 evaluations. The results of the current study suggest that deviations from
empirically identified teaching procedures may reduce the speed with which new skills are acquired. 相似文献
982.
Laura E. Wise John P. Harloe Aron H. Lichtman 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,92(4):597-601
It is well established that genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of the CB1 receptor disrupts extinction learning in aversive conditioning tasks, but not in appetitive tasks. Consistent with these findings is that genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary catabolic enzyme of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA), accelerates acquisition as well as extinction in aversive conditioning tasks. However, it is unknown whether FAAH blockade will affect acquisition in an appetitive conditioning task. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed FAAH (−/−) and (+/+) mice in appetitive and aversive Barnes maze conditioning procedures. Here we report that FAAH (−/−) mice displayed accelerated acquisition rates in an aversively-motivated, but not in the appetitively-motivated, Barnes maze task. The CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant attenuated enhanced acquisition in the aversive procedure, consistent with the idea that elevated AEA levels mediate this apparent nootropic effect. These findings support the hypothesis that stimulation of the endocannabinoid system enhances learned behavior in aversive, but not appetitive, conditioning paradigms. 相似文献
983.
A shift from language‐general to language‐specific sound discrimination abilities has been largely attested in different populations of infants during the second half of the first year of life; however, data are still scarce regarding bilingual populations. Previous research with 4‐, 8‐ and 12‐month‐old Catalan‐Spanish bilingual infants had offered evidence of a U‐shaped pattern in their ability to discriminate a language‐specific vowel contrast. This research explores monolingual and bilingual 4‐ and 8‐month‐olds’ capacities to discriminate two common vowel contrasts: /o–u/ and /e–u/. All groups succeeded except 8‐month‐old bilinguals tested on the phonetically close /o–u/ contrast. Discrimination was not facilitated when talker and token variability were reduced. A U‐shaped pattern was again found when data from an additional group of 12‐month‐olds were included. These results confirm bilinguals’ specific developmental pattern of perceptual reorganization for acoustically close vowels and challenge an interpretation merely based on a distributional account. 相似文献
984.
Ivar Bråten Laura Gil Helge I. Strømsø Eduardo Vidal-Abarca 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(4):529-560
The primary aim was to explore and compare the dimensionality of personal epistemology with respect to climate change across
the contexts of Norwegian and Spanish students. A second aim was to examine relationships between topic-specific epistemic
beliefs and the variables of gender, topic knowledge, and topic interest in the two contexts. Participants were 225 Norwegian
and 217 Spanish undergraduates enrolled in psychology or education courses, and the dimensionality of topic-specific personal
epistemology was explored through factor analyses of the scores on a 49-item questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression
analyses were used to predict scores on the epistemic belief dimensions emerging from the factor analyses with gender, topic
knowledge, and topic interest, respectively. Even though considerable cross-cultural generalizability in dimensionality was
demonstrated, this research also draws attention to the cultural embeddedness of topic-specific epistemic beliefs. Moreover,
differences in the predictability of topic knowledge and topic interest in Norway and Spain, suggest that factors constraining
or enhancing adaptive epistemic beliefs concerning particular topics may vary across cultures. 相似文献
985.
ObjectivesIn assessments of body image among athletes, there remains an important discrepancy between studies reporting, on one hand, increased body dissatisfaction among athletes and, on the other, lower body image concerns. In order to help resolve this contradiction, the present study examined body size ideals, body dissatisfaction, and media influence among female recreational athletes and non-athletes.MethodForty-one track athletes (a judged sport in which leanness is actively promoted), 47 women involved in Taek Won Do (a martial art with little or no emphasis on leanness), and 44 non-athletes completed self-report measures of ideal body size, body dissatisfaction, and media influence, and provided their demographic details.ResultsResults showed that, after controlling for participants' body mass index (BMI), there were no significant between-group differences in ideal body size. By contrast, track athletes reported the highest body dissatisfaction scores and the highest internalisation of athletic media messages. Results of a regression analysis showed that, for the total sample, participants' BMI and internalisation of athletic media messages predicted body dissatisfaction over-and-above involvement in the different sports.ConclusionThese results support the suggestion that women participating in leanness-promoting sports experience greater body dissatisfaction than women in other sports or non-athletes. 相似文献
986.
987.
Mark L. Savickas Laura Nota Jerome Rossier Jean-Pierre Dauwalder Maria Eduarda Duarte Jean Guichard Salvatore Soresi Raoul Van Esbroeck Annelies E.M. van Vianen 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2009,75(3):239-250
At the beginning of the 21st century, a new social arrangement of work poses a series of questions and challenges to scholars who aim to help people develop their working lives. Given the globalization of career counseling, we decided to address these issues and then to formulate potentially innovative responses in an international forum. We used this approach to avoid the difficulties of creating models and methods in one country and then trying to export them to other countries where they would be adapted for use. This article presents the initial outcome of this collaboration, a counseling model and methods. The life-designing model for career intervention endorses five presuppositions about people and their work lives: contextual possibilities, dynamic processes, non-linear progression, multiple perspectives, and personal patterns. Thinking from these five presuppositions, we have crafted a contextualized model based on the epistemology of social constructionism, particularly recognizing that an individual’s knowledge and identity are the product of social interaction and that meaning is co-constructed through discourse. The life-design framework for counseling implements the theories of self-constructing [Guichard, J. (2005). Life-long self-construction. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 5, 111–124] and career construction [Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counselling: putting theory and research to work (pp. 42–70). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley] that describe vocational behavior and its development. Thus, the framework is structured to be life-long, holistic, contextual, and preventive. 相似文献
988.
Gregory A. Fabiano Anil Chacko William E. Pelham Jessica Robb Kathryn S. Walker Frances Wymbs Amber L. Sastry Lizette Flammer Jenna K. Keenan Hema Visweswaraiah Simon Shulman Laura Herbst Lauma Pirvics 《Behavior Therapy》2009,40(2):190-204
Few behavioral parent training (BPT) treatment studies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have included and measured outcomes with fathers. In this study, fathers were randomly assigned to attend a standard BPT program or the Coaching Our Acting-Out Children: Heightening Essential Skills (COACHES) program. The COACHES program included BPT plus sports skills training for the children and parent-child interactions in the context of a soccer game. Groups did not differ at baseline, and father ratings of treatment outcome indicated improvement at posttreatment for both groups on measures of child behavior. There was no significant difference between groups on ADHD-related measures of child outcome. However, at posttreatment, fathers who participated in the COACHES program rated children as more improved, and they were significantly more engaged in the treatment process (e.g., greater attendance and arrival on time at sessions, more homework completion, greater consumer satisfaction). The implications for these findings and father-related treatment efforts are discussed. 相似文献
989.
A fundamental assumption regarding spoken language is that the relationship between sound and meaning is essentially arbitrary. The present investigation questioned this arbitrariness assumption by examining the influence of potential non-arbitrary mappings between sound and meaning on word learning in adults. Native English-speaking monolinguals learned meanings for Japanese words in a vocabulary-learning task. Spoken Japanese words were paired with English meanings that: (1) matched the actual meaning of the Japanese word (e.g., “hayai” paired with fast); (2) were antonyms for the actual meaning (e.g., “hayai” paired with slow); or (3) were randomly selected from the set of antonyms (e.g., “hayai” paired with blunt). The results showed that participants learned the actual English equivalents and antonyms for Japanese words more accurately and responded faster than when learning randomly paired meanings. These findings suggest that natural languages contain non-arbitrary links between sound structure and meaning and further, that learners are sensitive to these non-arbitrary relationships within spoken language. 相似文献
990.
Justin Kruger Jeremy Burrus Laura M. Kressel 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1286-1290
Individuals are frequently forced to make decisions from among undesirable choice-sets. Raise taxes or cut social services? Lay off workers or go bankrupt? Go deep in debt or forgo a college education? The research presented here suggests that in such situations, decision-makers are often evaluated negatively regardless of the choice they make. In Experiment 1, participants read about a judge deciding which of two seemingly unfit parents to award sole custody in a real-life divorce case. In Experiment 2, participants were led to believe that their partner in the experiment was forced to pick one of two unpleasant tasks for the participant to perform. In both cases, the decision and decision-maker were evaluated negatively regardless of the alternative chosen–and regardless of the fact that they were the only options in the choice-set. Discussion focuses on the source, scope, and consequences of this phenomenon. 相似文献