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941.
942.
We examined the psychosocial maladjustment of 32 children with an incarcerated parent from the child’s perspective as well
as from the perspective of their caregiver. We focused on the relation between the incarcerated parent’s report of children’s
exposure to parental criminal activity, arrest, and sentencing and caregivers’ and children’s self-reports of maladjustment.
Results indicate that witnessing these events is associated with more behavior problems according to caregivers’ and children’s
self-reports. Moreover, incarcerated parents’ reports of children’s exposure to these events predicted caregivers’ and children’s
reports of maladjustment over a 6 month period. Our results also suggest that children with incarcerated mothers, in comparison
to children with incarcerated fathers, are exposed to more of these events and may be experiencing greater maladjustment.
Implications of these findings are discussed within a proactive context and the use of procedures that take children’s reactions
to witnessing parental arrest and sentencing into consideration. 相似文献
943.
Animal innovations have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. The occurrence and persistence of an innovation
require several processes, including exploration, social and asocial learning, and low neophobia. In addition, the identity
of the innovator may determine how these new behaviours are socially transmitted. Taking into account inter-individual and
age differences, we investigated three correlates of animal innovation: object exploration, neophobia level and novel problem-solving
ability in an opportunistic generalist raptor, the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango). Eighteen individuals (7 adults and 11 juveniles) were caught during the non-breeding period and housed in individual cages
in outdoor aviaries. Each bird was given three tests: exploration, neophobia and problem-solving. Individuals differed in
their response to novel situations both within and between age groups. Most of the juveniles were more explorative and had
a lower neophobic response to a strange object than adult birds, but both age groups were able to solve a novel problem when
given a food reward. In juveniles, neophobia level and problem-solving performance were inversely related; however, we found
no relationship between these behaviours in adults. Exploration did not correlate with neophobia or problem-solving ability
for either age group. This research is one of the few studies exploring the inter-individual and age differences in behavioural
innovation and their correlates in a bird of prey. The explorative tendency, low neophobia and ability to innovate showed
by M. chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological
success. 相似文献
944.
Cheryl K. Stenmark Alison L. Antes Laura E. Martin Zhanna Bagdasarov James F. Johnson Lynn D. Devenport Michael D. Mumford 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2010,8(4):285-300
This project examined the ethical issues faced by academics and professionals in the Humanities. We conducted focus groups
to gather information about the ethical concerns in these fields and used the qualitative data arising from the discussions
to create a taxonomy that represents the structure of ethical issues in the Humanities. A key implication of our findings
is that while the focus of ethics research and interventions has been primarily on the sciences and engineering, academics
and professionals in other fields also encounter some unique critical ethical dilemmas that require further research and methods
of intervention. 相似文献
945.
Adam Rutland Lindsey Cameron Laura Bennett Jennifer Ferrell 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2005,26(6):699
This paper examined the influence of interracial contact and racial constancy on the racial intergroup bias of young Anglo-British children. This multi-site study was conducted in areas of Great Britain that varied in terms of racial diversity. The study also investigated whether preschool children express bias on positive, but not negative, valence attributions. Anglo-British children (N = 136) between 3 and 5 years of age with different levels of interracial contact undertook a racial stereotype attribution measure and three tasks to assess racial constancy. Significantly more racial bias was shown towards the African Caribbean-British compared to the Asian-British or Oriental-British racial out-groups. As predicted, only children in racially mixed areas failed to show discrimination in favor of the white in-group on both the positive and negative trait attributions. In addition, higher racial constancy was related significantly to greater racial intergroup bias. These findings suggest that racial intergroup bias amongst 3–5 year old children may be reduced through the promotion of interracial contact, because at this age children are already beginning to develop racial constancy. 相似文献
946.
Sean P. Reilley Andrew L. Geers Dawn L. Lindsay Laura Deronde William N. Dember 《Current Psychology》2005,24(1):43-59
Optimism and pessimism are personality variables that have repeatedly been shown to affect health, job performance, and social
relationships. Various instruments purport to measure these dispositions that differ substantially in their theoretical and
measurement models. While research has examined relations between subsets of these measures, their unique predictive ability
has been neglected. Three sequential studies evaluated the interrelation and predictive ability of the three most utilized
instruments, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the O/P Instrument (OPI) and variants of the Attributional Style Questionnaire
(ASQ). Consistent with expectations, measures sharing a future-expectancy component (LOT and OPI) were moderately related
and most predictive of health, depression, and coping. ASQ measures were modestly related to the LOT and OPI and offered less
consistent predictions. 相似文献
947.
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been widely reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study investigated attention and response control in children with ASD, ADHD, and typical development using the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test. Results indicate that many children with ASD show significant deficits in visual and auditory attention and greater deficits in impulsivity than children with ADHD or typical development. These findings suggest that many of the children with ASD demonstrate significant ADHD-like deficits. These findings are discussed in the context of symptoms, subtypes, and comorbidity. 相似文献
948.
Peter Aczel Laura Crosilla Hajime Ishihara Erik Palmgren Peter Schuster 《Studia Logica》2006,84(3):361-368
Working in the weakening of constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in which the subset collection scheme is omitted, we
show that the binary re.nement principle implies all the instances of the exponentiation axiom in which the basis is a discrete
set. In particular binary re.nement implies that the class of detachable subsets of a set form a set. Binary re.nement was
originally extracted from the fullness axiom, an equivalent of subset collection, as a principle that was su.cient to prove
that the Dedekind reals form a set. Here we show that the Cauchy reals also form a set. More generally, binary refinement
ensures that one remains in the realm of sets when one starts from discrete sets and one applies the operations of exponentiation
and binary product a finite number of times.
Presented by Victor Marek 相似文献
949.
Analogical Processes in Language Learning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT— The acquisition of language has long stood as a challenge to general learning accounts, leading many theorists to propose domain-specific knowledge and processes to explain language acquisition. Here we review evidence that analogical comparison is instrumental in language learning, suggesting a larger role for general learning processes in the acquisition of language. 相似文献
950.
This study examined the effectiveness and efficiency of combining classwide peer tutoring (CWPT) and constant time delay (CTD) on the academic performance of 3 students with learning disabilities (LD) and 15 students without LD enrolled in an inclusive sixth-grade language arts class. Treatment integrity checklists were used to measure the extent to which the tutors with LD used the constant time delay procedure correctly. A multiple-probe design across behaviors replicated across students was used to examine the effectiveness of the CTD peer tutoring procedures. The results indicated that students with LD reliably implemented the CTD peer tutoring procedures with a high degree of treatment integrity. When implemented by students without LD, the procedures were effective and efficient for teaching targeted vocabulary words to students with LD. Similarly, students without LD mastered the targeted vocabulary words when tutored by peers with LD and by peers without LD using the CTD peer tutoring procedures. Additionally, students with LD and without LD maintained the targeted vocabulary words over time, generalized the words across context, and generalized the CTD peer tutoring procedures across content. Finally, measures of social validity indicate that students and teachers involved in this study were satisfied with the CTD peer tutoring procedures. 相似文献