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241.
Sex-specific differences in olfactory sensitivity for putative human pheromones in nonhuman primates
Laska M Wieser A Salazar LT 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2006,120(2):106-112
In humans, the volatile C19-steroids androsta-4,16-dien-3-one (AND) and estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol (EST) have been shown to modulate autonomic nervous system responses, and to cause hypothalamic activation in a gender-specific manner. Using two conditioning paradigms, the authors here show that pigtail macaques and squirrel monkeys of both sexes were able to detect AND and EST at concentrations in the micromolar and mM range, respectively. Male and female spider monkeys, in contrast, differed markedly in their sensitivity to these two odorous steroids, with males not showing any behavioral responses to the highest concentrations of AND tested and females not responding to the highest concentrations of EST. These data provide the first examples of sex-specific bimodal distributions of olfactory sensitivity in a nonhuman primate species. 相似文献
242.
This study examined the ability of the M-FAST to differentiate a group of undergraduate students simulating one of four DSM-IV diagnoses (n = 190; schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder) and a clinical comparison sample drawn from previous M-FAST studies comprising individuals with the same diagnosis (n = 142). Across all diagnostic conditions, the simulators obtained higher M-FAST total scores than the clinical comparisons, and the rare combinations scale was equal or superior to the total score at differentiating the groups. The M-FAST was most efficient at distinguishing feigned from bona fide schizophrenia. Although the internal consistency of the total score was high (alpha = 0.88), inter-item correlations were lower than values reported in previous research. Lastly, given the importance of base rate considerations in the evaluation of diagnostic instruments, it was notable that the M-FAST was able to identify malingerers even at relatively low base rates. 相似文献
243.
Heinonen K Räikkönen K Matthews KA Scheier MF Raitakari OT Pulkki L Keltikangas-Järvinen L 《Journal of personality》2006,74(4):1111-1126
We examined whether dispositional optimism and pessimism (overall LOT-R and optimism and pessimism component scores) of 694 adults aged 24 and 27 were associated with socioeconomic status (SES) measured concurrently and in childhood at ages 3 and 6. SES measures included education, occupational status and unemployment, and income. Concurrent adulthood SES was associated with the overall LOT-R and optimism and the pessimism component scores. Childhood family SES predicted overall LOT-R and pessimism component scores, even after controlling statistically for the adulthood SES. Social mobility between SES of family of origin and current SES also influenced the scores. The current findings suggest that the foundation of dispositional optimism and pessimism is related to early SES of the family. 相似文献
244.
Preschoolers' theory-of-mind development follows a similar age trajectory across many cultures. To determine whether these similarities are related to similar underlying ontogenetic processes, we examined whether the relation between theory of mind and executive function commonly found among U.S. preschoolers is also present among Chinese preschoolers. Preschoolers from Beijing, China (N= 109), were administered theory-of-mind and executive-functioning tasks, and their performance was compared with that of a previously studied sample of U.S. preschoolers (N= 107). The Chinese preschoolers outperformed their U.S. counterparts on all measures of executive functioning, but were not similarly advanced in theory-of-mind reasoning. Nonetheless, individual differences in executive functioning predicted theory of mind for children in both cultures. Thus, the relation between executive functioning and theory of mind is robust across two disparate cultures. These findings shed light on why executive functioning is important for theory-of-mind development. 相似文献
245.
Colombi L 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2010,91(5):1073-1091
This paper discusses the view that fantasizing, understood as a flight into fantasy, belongs to a type of mental functioning distinct from imaginative fantasy. From this the idea emerges, proposed by Winnicott, that withdrawal into fantasy assumes a dissociative quality, which is formed early on as a defensive solution following the loss of hope in object relations. Such a defence becomes the foundation for a dangerous enclave in which the individual ends up enclosing himself, experiencing an illusory self-sufficiency. In this perspective, the author maintains that the flight into fantasy must be understood as a risk factor for the draining of the self or for a crystallization into psychopathological structures, becoming an automatic activity of 'non-thought' that substitutes for the working-through processes necessary for the development of the mind. The paper investigates this psychopathological dynamic, which was already present in Breuer and Freud's writings, examining subsequent contributions of various authors. Clinical material (of both children and adults) illustrates how the flight into fantasy may take the form of an anti-relational realm of the mind, compromising the operations necessary to the integration of psychic life. There is also a discussion of which therapeutic tools may help the patient to gradually abandon the withdrawal in favour of an authentically nourishing relational nature. 相似文献
246.
Michael Harvey Nancy K. Napier Miriam Moeller Laura A. Williams 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(1):212-240
This paper explores the dimensions and means to implement a global dual-career expatriate couple mentoring program. The rationale is that learning from an experienced mentor mitigates the complexity of global assignments, leading to more successful completion of overseas assignments. We explored the impact of such mentoring programs on "nontraditional" global managers, along with their trailing spouses. Social learning theory was used as the foundation for the development of such a mentoring program. To add to the contextual understanding of global assignments imposed on global dual-career couples, we explored the effectiveness of mentoring by investigating temporal (before, during, after expatriation) and gender-related dimensions. Further, we analyzed the level of mentor involvement (personal, organizational, and professional) regarding psychosocial and career development. 相似文献
247.
Michael W. Kraus Serena Chen Victoria A. Lee Laura D. Straus 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(6):1067-1073
Transference occurs when a perceiver's representation of a significant other is activated and applied to a new target person (Andersen & Chen, 2002). Extending past research, it was hypothesized that transference occurs even when a target person possesses a core feature—namely, group membership status—that is inapplicable to the relevant significant-other representation. Supporting this, transference led perceivers to make representation-consistent memory and evaluation judgments about a target—regardless of whether the target's political (experiment 1) or ethnic (experiment 2) group membership was the same or different from that of the relevant significant other. Moreover, in experiment 2, perceivers undergoing transference involving a positively evaluated significant other behaved more positively toward the target even when the target was from an ethnic out-group. The results represent initial evidence of transference processes occurring across group boundaries. Implications for transference and the reduction of out-group bias are discussed. 相似文献
248.
Kirby Deater‐Deckard Charles Beekman Zhe Wang Jungmeen Kim Stephen Petrill Lee Thompson Laura DeThorne 《Journal of personality》2010,78(3):991-1010
ABSTRACT We examined mothers' ratings of children's affective and behavioral aspects of approach tendencies and links with overt aggressive behavior problems while considering the genetic etiology of these processes. Approach/positive anticipation (AP), frustration/anger (FA), and overt aggression in 4–9‐year‐olds were assessed using mothers' reports in a diverse national sample (n=992) and a sample of same‐sex twins (n=195 pairs). AP and FA were positively correlated with each other and with overt aggression (r from .2 to .5), and these associations were very similar for boys and girls. AP and FA provided overlapping as well as independent statistical prediction of aggression. AP statistical prediction of aggression was substantially mediated by FA, an effect that was accounted for by underlying genetic and nonshared environmental influences. 相似文献
249.
Laura M. Gaydos Alexandria Smith Carol J. R. Hogue John Blevins 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(4):473-484
Separate from scholarship in religion and medicine, a burgeoning field in religion and population health, includes religion
and reproductive health. In a survey of existing literature, we analyzed data by religious affiliation, discipline, geography
and date. We found 377 peer-reviewed articles; most were categorized as family planning (129), sexual behavior (81), domestic
violence (39), pregnancy (46), HIV/AIDS (71), and STDs (61). Most research occurred in North America (188 articles), Africa
(52), and Europe (47). Article frequency increased over time, from 3 articles in 1980 to 38 articles in 2008. While field
growth is evident, there is still no cohesive “scholarship” in religion and reproductive health. 相似文献
250.
David Schultz Archana Ambike Sean Kevin Logie Katherine E. Bohner Laura M. Stapleton Holly VanderWalde Christopher B. Min Jennifer A. Betkowski 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):601-613
Crick and Dodge’s (Psychological Bulletin 115:74–101, 1994) social information processing model has proven very useful in guiding research focused on aggressive and peer-rejected children’s
social-cognitive functioning. Its application to early childhood, however, has been much more limited. The present study responds
to this gap by developing and validating a video-based assessment tool appropriate for early childhood, the Schultz Test of
Emotion Processing—Preliminary Version (STEP-P). One hundred twenty-five Head Start preschool children participated in the
study. More socially competent children more frequently attributed sadness to the victims of provocation and labeled aggressive
behaviors as both morally unacceptable and less likely to lead to positive outcomes. More socially competent girls labeled
others’ emotions more accurately. More disruptive children more frequently produced physically aggressive solutions to social
provocations, and more disruptive boys less frequently interpreted social provocations as accidental. The STEP-P holds promise
as an assessment tool that assesses knowledge structures related to the SIP model in early childhood. 相似文献