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991.
In a recognition memory experiment, Mickes, Wixted, and Wais (2007) reported that distributional statistics computed from
ratings made using a 20-point confidence scale (which showed that the standard deviation of the ratings made to lures was
approximately 0.80 times that of the targets) essentially matched the distributional statistics estimated indirectly by fitting
a Gaussian signal-detection model to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). We argued that the parallel results serve
to increase confidence in the Gaussian unequal-variance model of recognition memory. Rouder, Pratte, and Morey (2010) argue
that the results are instead uninformative. In their view, parametric models of latent memory strength are not empirically
distinguishable. As such, they argue, our conclusions are arbitrary, and parametric ROC analysis should be abandoned. In an
attempt to demonstrate the inherent untestability of parametric models, they describe a non-Gaussian equal-variance model
that purportedly accounts for our findings just as well as the Gaussian unequal-variance model does. However, we show that
their new model—despite being contrived after the fact and in full view of the to-be-explained data—does not account for the
results as well as the unequal-variance Gaussian model does. This outcome manifestly demonstrates that parametric models are,
in fact, testable. Moreover, the results differentially favor the Gaussian account over the probit model and over several
other reasonable distributional forms (such as the Weibull and the lognormal). 相似文献
992.
Megan Benoit Ratcliff Ronald L. Blount Laura L. Mee 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(2):116-124
The aim of the present study was to assess adolescent renal transplant recipients’ perceived adversity (PA) for various aspects
of living with a transplant, including its association with coping and medication non-adherence, from a theoretical perspective.
Thirty-three adolescent renal transplant recipients were interviewed using structured questionnaires and medical record reviews.
Health care provider ratings of adversity were also collected. Participants reported moderate levels of PA, with those who
received a transplant at an older age reporting more adversity on several domains and girls reporting more adversity for missing
school. Ratings of adversity for specific aspects of living with a transplant differed depending on age and medical factors
and were related to specific coping strategies and measures of non-adherence. Consistent with the Self-Regulation Model, perceived
consequences (represented as PA) appears to be related to coping and illness outcomes. Assessing PA and teaching appropriate
coping strategies may yield better medical outcomes among this at-risk population. 相似文献
993.
Adult colour preference has been summarized quantitatively in terms of weights on the two fundamental neural processes that underlie early colour encoding: the S−(L+M) (‘blue–yellow’) and L−M (‘red–green’) cone‐opponent contrast channels ( Ling, Hurlbert & Robinson, 2006 ; Hurlbert & Ling, 2007 ). Here, we investigate whether colour preference in 4–5‐month‐olds may be analysed in the same way. We recorded infants’ eye‐movements in response to pairwise presentations of eight colour stimuli varying only in hue. Infants looked longest at reddish and shortest at greenish hues. Analyses revealed that the L−M and S−(L+M) contrast between stimulus colour and background explained around half of the variation in infant preference across the hue spectrum. Unlike adult colour preference patterns, there was no evidence for sex differences in the weights on either of the cone‐opponent contrast components. The findings provide a quantitative model of infant colour preference that summarizes variation in infant preference across hues. 相似文献
994.
995.
We examined the psychosocial maladjustment of 32 children with an incarcerated parent from the child’s perspective as well
as from the perspective of their caregiver. We focused on the relation between the incarcerated parent’s report of children’s
exposure to parental criminal activity, arrest, and sentencing and caregivers’ and children’s self-reports of maladjustment.
Results indicate that witnessing these events is associated with more behavior problems according to caregivers’ and children’s
self-reports. Moreover, incarcerated parents’ reports of children’s exposure to these events predicted caregivers’ and children’s
reports of maladjustment over a 6 month period. Our results also suggest that children with incarcerated mothers, in comparison
to children with incarcerated fathers, are exposed to more of these events and may be experiencing greater maladjustment.
Implications of these findings are discussed within a proactive context and the use of procedures that take children’s reactions
to witnessing parental arrest and sentencing into consideration. 相似文献
996.
Animal innovations have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. The occurrence and persistence of an innovation
require several processes, including exploration, social and asocial learning, and low neophobia. In addition, the identity
of the innovator may determine how these new behaviours are socially transmitted. Taking into account inter-individual and
age differences, we investigated three correlates of animal innovation: object exploration, neophobia level and novel problem-solving
ability in an opportunistic generalist raptor, the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango). Eighteen individuals (7 adults and 11 juveniles) were caught during the non-breeding period and housed in individual cages
in outdoor aviaries. Each bird was given three tests: exploration, neophobia and problem-solving. Individuals differed in
their response to novel situations both within and between age groups. Most of the juveniles were more explorative and had
a lower neophobic response to a strange object than adult birds, but both age groups were able to solve a novel problem when
given a food reward. In juveniles, neophobia level and problem-solving performance were inversely related; however, we found
no relationship between these behaviours in adults. Exploration did not correlate with neophobia or problem-solving ability
for either age group. This research is one of the few studies exploring the inter-individual and age differences in behavioural
innovation and their correlates in a bird of prey. The explorative tendency, low neophobia and ability to innovate showed
by M. chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological
success. 相似文献
997.
Cheryl K. Stenmark Alison L. Antes Laura E. Martin Zhanna Bagdasarov James F. Johnson Lynn D. Devenport Michael D. Mumford 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2010,8(4):285-300
This project examined the ethical issues faced by academics and professionals in the Humanities. We conducted focus groups
to gather information about the ethical concerns in these fields and used the qualitative data arising from the discussions
to create a taxonomy that represents the structure of ethical issues in the Humanities. A key implication of our findings
is that while the focus of ethics research and interventions has been primarily on the sciences and engineering, academics
and professionals in other fields also encounter some unique critical ethical dilemmas that require further research and methods
of intervention. 相似文献
998.
Adam Rutland Lindsey Cameron Laura Bennett Jennifer Ferrell 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2005,26(6):699
This paper examined the influence of interracial contact and racial constancy on the racial intergroup bias of young Anglo-British children. This multi-site study was conducted in areas of Great Britain that varied in terms of racial diversity. The study also investigated whether preschool children express bias on positive, but not negative, valence attributions. Anglo-British children (N = 136) between 3 and 5 years of age with different levels of interracial contact undertook a racial stereotype attribution measure and three tasks to assess racial constancy. Significantly more racial bias was shown towards the African Caribbean-British compared to the Asian-British or Oriental-British racial out-groups. As predicted, only children in racially mixed areas failed to show discrimination in favor of the white in-group on both the positive and negative trait attributions. In addition, higher racial constancy was related significantly to greater racial intergroup bias. These findings suggest that racial intergroup bias amongst 3–5 year old children may be reduced through the promotion of interracial contact, because at this age children are already beginning to develop racial constancy. 相似文献
999.
Sean P. Reilley Andrew L. Geers Dawn L. Lindsay Laura Deronde William N. Dember 《Current Psychology》2005,24(1):43-59
Optimism and pessimism are personality variables that have repeatedly been shown to affect health, job performance, and social
relationships. Various instruments purport to measure these dispositions that differ substantially in their theoretical and
measurement models. While research has examined relations between subsets of these measures, their unique predictive ability
has been neglected. Three sequential studies evaluated the interrelation and predictive ability of the three most utilized
instruments, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the O/P Instrument (OPI) and variants of the Attributional Style Questionnaire
(ASQ). Consistent with expectations, measures sharing a future-expectancy component (LOT and OPI) were moderately related
and most predictive of health, depression, and coping. ASQ measures were modestly related to the LOT and OPI and offered less
consistent predictions. 相似文献
1000.
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been widely reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study investigated attention and response control in children with ASD, ADHD, and typical development using the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test. Results indicate that many children with ASD show significant deficits in visual and auditory attention and greater deficits in impulsivity than children with ADHD or typical development. These findings suggest that many of the children with ASD demonstrate significant ADHD-like deficits. These findings are discussed in the context of symptoms, subtypes, and comorbidity. 相似文献