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361.
362.
This study examined how laypersons assess subclinical depression in others on the basis of information about their daily lives. For 2 days, 96 participants were tracked with the Electronically Activated Recorder, a naturalistic observation method that samples ambient sounds from participants' momentary environments. Judges rated participants' levels of depression after listening to the sampled ambient sounds. Participants' depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. Overall, judges showed little accuracy at determining participants' levels of depressive symptoms from the ambient sounds. Exploratory analyses, however, revealed that judges were more accurate among moderately and severely depressed participants, presumably because the cues judges used to assess depression (e.g., spending time alone, not socializing, not laughing) discriminated successfully only at high levels of subclinical depression. 相似文献
363.
Nater UM Okere U Stallkamp R Moor C Ehlert U Kliegel M 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2006,86(3):344-348
Forgetting of intentions (such as to take one's medication) is the most frequent everyday memory failure. No study so far has looked into the possible consequences stress might exert on memory for intentions (i.e., prospective memory). Twenty healthy young male adults were exposed to a psychosocial stress test and a non-stress condition. After a delay of 15 min, a time- and an event-based prospective memory task were administered during the peak of cortisol concentrations. Results show that participants performed significantly better in the time-based memory task after stress in comparison to the non-stress condition. In contrast, there was no stress effect on event-based prospective memory. The results demonstrate that prospective memory might be enhanced when participants are exposed to stress prior to the memory task and that this effect is associated to stress-related glucocorticoid effects. 相似文献
364.
Wrase J Reimold M Puls I Kienast T Heinz A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(1):53-61
Identification of gene-environment and gene-gene interactions has become increasingly important in understanding psychiatric
disorders. Dysfunction of central serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in alcoholism, depression, and anxiety.
We review the literature on nonhuman primates that assesses the interaction between the genetic constitution of the regulatory
region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and environmental factors. Prospective studies in nonhuman primates that underwent
social stress found a reduction of the serotonin turnover rate among carriers of one or two short alleles in a functional
polymorphism of the 5-HTT promoter. In these primates, brain imaging studies showed a relative increase in the availability
of raphe serotonin transporters. A low serotonin turnover rate and a high availability of serotonin transporters were associated
with reduced response to excessive alcohol intake, anxiety, and impulsive aggression. Animal experiments point to a relationship
between serotonergic dysfunction, negative mood states, and excessive alcohol intake, which may in part be mediated by reduced
alcohol-induced sedation. 相似文献
365.
How flexible are Internet experts in taking the perspective of laypersons? A Web experimental approach is presented that examines the Internet experts' perspective taking in planning explanations for laypersons. The Internet was the topic to be communicated and it also provided the means to implement the experimental method. Participants rated how extensively they would treat some specific concepts when explaining a topic such as the WWW. Independent variables were the addressee's intention, their level of domain knowledge, and the importance of the concepts to be evaluated. The results show that the experts preferred planning strategies that integrated all three types of information. Though their planning decisions were mainly guided by conceptual constraints, the Internet experts also took into account information about the addressee's intention and prior knowledge. 相似文献
366.
During the fall of 2001 (October 22–25), The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) and the Agricultural University
of Norway arranged a consensus conference on the protection of the environment against ionising radiation. The motive for
the conference was the need to study the ethical and philosophical basis for protection of nature in its own right. The conference
was funded by Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS), in cooperation with the International Union of Radioecology (IUR). The
National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) was hired as facilitators for the consensus process.
This paper will give a brief outline of the aims and method of the conference, distinguishing these from other kinds of consensus
conferences. The paper ends with some general reflections on the appropriateness of seeking consensus on ethics-related issues
among experts. 相似文献
367.
Activation of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 decreases glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the lateral amygdala of the mouse 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
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Azad SC Eder M Marsicano G Lutz B Zieglgänsberger W Rammes G 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2003,10(2):116-128
The endogenous cannabinoid system has been shown recently to play a crucial role in the extinction of aversive memories. As the amygdala is presumably involved in this process, we investigated the effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN-2) on synaptic transmission in the lateral amygdala (LA) of wild-type and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)-deficient mice. Extracellular field potential recordings and patch-clamp experiments were performed in an in vitro slice preparation. We found that WIN-2 reduces basal synaptic transmission and pharmacologically isolated AMPA receptor- and GABAA receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents in wild-type, but not in CB1-deficient mice. These results indicate that, in the LA, cannabinoids modulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission via CB1. WIN-2-induced changes of paired-pulse ratio and of spontaneous and miniature postsynaptic currents suggest a presynaptic site of action. Inhibition of Gi/o proteins and blockade of voltage-dependent and G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels inhibited WIN-2 action on basal synaptic transmission. In contrast, modulation of the adenylyl cyclase-protein kinase A pathway, and blockade of presynaptic N- and P/Q- or of postsynaptic L- and R/T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels did not affect WIN-2 effects. Our results indicate that the mechanisms underlying cannabinoid action in the LA partly resemble those observed in the nucleus accumbens and differ from those described for the hippocampus. 相似文献
368.
Keil A Gruber T Müller MM Moratti S Stolarova M Bradley MM Lang PJ 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2003,3(3):195-206
Allocation of processing resources to emotional picture stimuli was examined using steady-state visual evoked brain potentials (ssVEPs). Participants viewed a set of 60 colored affective pictures from the International Affective Picture System, presented in a flickering mode at 10 Hz in order to elicit ssVEPs. Phase and amplitude of the 10-Hz ssVEP were examined for six picture categories: threat and mutilation (unpleasant), families and erotica (pleasant), and household objects and persons (neutral). Self-reported affective arousal and hedonic valence of the picture stimuli were assessed by means of subjective ratings. Viewing affectively arousing (unpleasant and pleasant) pictures was associated with enhanced ssVEP amplitude at parieto-occipital recording sites, as compared with neutral stimuli. Phase information suggested increased coactivation of right occipitotemporal and frontotemporal sources during processing of affectively arousing stimuli. These findings are consistent with reentrant modulation of early visual processing by distributed networks including subcortical and neocortical structures according to a stimulus's motivational relevance. 相似文献
369.
Reinhard Pietrowsky Werner Kuhmann Rosemarie Krug Matthias Molle Horst L. Fehm Jan Born 《Brain and cognition》1996,32(3):416-428
In the present study in 20 healthy subjects, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the identification of picture stimuli. Each of 36 landscape pictures and 36 scrambled pictures was presented by a tachistoscope repeatedly until the subject made an identification response. Presentation of one picture was finished after 12 exposures. On the average, landscapes were identified after 5.8 ± 0.4 exposures; identification responses to scrambles were always wrong and occurred after 11.8 ± 0.1 exposures. Latencies and amplitude measures were assessed for P2, P3, N400, and the slow wave (SW). Changes in P2 across stimulus presentations did not differ between landscapes and scrambles excluding this component from being indicative for the processing of stimulus meaning. Amplitude of P3 generally declined across presentations, but increased prior to identification for landscape pictures. N400 rapidly declined across presentations of landscapes, but less rapidly for scrambles. The SW increased across stimulus presentations. This increase was more pronounced for landscape than scrambled pictures. The pattern of ERP changes can be interpreted in a framework of a stepwise inhibition of spreading activation within semantic memory with progressing picture identification. 相似文献
370.