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101.
Stone A 《Memory & cognition》2012,40(4):652-662
A centre–surround attentional mechanism was proposed by Carr and Dagenbach (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 16: 341–350, 1990) to account for their observations of negative semantic priming from hard-to-perceive primes. Their mechanism cannot account
for the observation of negative semantic priming when primes are clearly visible. Three experiments (Ns = 30, 46, and 30) used a familiarity decision with names of famous people, preceded by a prime name with the same occupation
as the target or with a different occupation. Negative semantic priming was observed at a 150- or 200-ms SOA, with positive
priming at shorter (50-ms) and longer (1,000-ms) SOAs. In Experiment 3, we verified that the primes were easily recognisable in the priming task at an SOA that yielded negative semantic priming,
which cannot be predicted by the original centre–surround mechanism. A modified version is proposed that explains transiently
negative semantic priming by proposing that centre–surround inhibition is a normal, automatically invoked aspect of the semantic
processing of visually presented famous names. 相似文献
102.
103.
Research has documented that children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased
risk of substance use problems. Few studies, however, have focused on early-onset substance use. This study therefore investigated
how the two symptom dimensions of ADHD (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) are associated with early-onset substance
use, the role of persistent ADHD for the association, and to what extent the association is influenced by genetic and environmental
factors. Twins (1,480 pairs) in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development were followed from childhood to
adolescence. ADHD symptoms were measured at age 8–9 and age 13–14 via parent-report, whereas substance use was assessed at
age 13–14 via self-report. Results revealed that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms predicted early-onset “sometimes” tobacco
use (adjusted odds ratios, 1.12, for one symptom count), controlling for inattentive symptoms and conduct problem behaviors.
There is no independent effect of inattentive symptoms on early-onset substance use. Children with persistent hyperactivity/impulsivity
(defined as scoring above the 75th percentile at both time points) had a pronounced risk of both early-onset tobacco and alcohol
use (adjusted odds ratios from 1.86 to 3.35, compared to the reference group). The associations between hyperactivity/impulsivity
and early-onset substance use were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Our results indicated that hyperactivity/impulsivity,
but not inattention, is an important early predictor for early-onset substance use, and a shared genetic susceptibility is
suggested to explain this association. 相似文献
104.
Seydell-Greenwald A Schmidt T 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2012,38(5):1168-1182
Whereas physiological studies indicate that illusory contours (ICs) are signaled in early visual areas at short latencies, behavioral studies are divided as to whether IC processing can proceed in a fast, automatic, bottom-up manner or whether it requires extensive top-down intracortical feedback or even awareness and cognition. Here, we employ a response priming paradigm to assess two measures of IC processing using identical stimuli: response priming by ICs, which can occur independently of visual awareness, and a measure of visual awareness of the ICs. In three experiments, participants responded to the orientation of illusory and real-contour targets preceded by illusory and real-contour primes at stimulus-onset asynchronies from 35 to 106 ms. Both illusory and real-contour targets were strongly primed by ICs, and this effect was independent of prime visibility. The effect was fully present in the fastest responses and cannot be explained by responses to stimulus features other than the ICs. Results indicate that ICs, regardless of whether they are consciously perceived, activate fast motor responses, indicating that they are processed without time-consuming intracortical feedback. We conclude that conflicting studies were based on qualitatively different measures of IC processing, some depending on visual awareness and others independent of it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
105.
The author describes "higher" and "uniquely human" sociocognitive skills that he argues as being necessary for tool use. We propose that those skills could be based on simpler detection systems humans could share with other animal tool users. More specifically, we discuss the impact of object affordances on the understanding and the social learning of tool use. 相似文献
106.
The present research intended first to confirm psychophysiological and cortical responses to valence- and arousal-manipulated stimuli and second to show how the BIS and BAS (Behavioural Inhibition and Activation System) personality characteristics correlated with these psychophysiological and cortical responses. Multiple measures were recorded, such as psychophysiological (skin conductance response, heart rate, and electromyography) and ERPs (event-related potentials) responses, during viewing IAPS figures, that varied in terms of pleasantness (appetitive vs. aversive) and arousing power (high vs. low intensity). Autonomic variables and two ERP positive deflections (P3 and LPP ERP effects) were found to be modulated by valence and arousal rating, with an increased response for high arousing and negative or positive stimuli in comparison with low arousing and neutral stimuli. Moreover, high BAS subjects were more responsive to positive than negative emotions, whereas high BIS subjects responded in greater measure to negative and arousing emotions. Findings were discussed in light of biphasic model of emotion comprehension. 相似文献
107.
This study takes an interest in instructions and instructed actions in the context of manual skills. The analysis focuses
on a video recorded episode where a teacher demonstrates how to crochet chain stitches, requests a group of students to reproduce
her actions, and then repeatedly corrects the attempts of one of the students. The initial request, and the students’ responses
to it, could be seen as preliminary to the series of corrective sequences that come next: the request and the following attempts
make it possible for the teacher to launch instructional sequences specifically designed and addressed to the students who
need further guidance. In the interaction between the teacher and the novice student, the reasoned character of the instructed
actions is not explained so much as installed and tuned. The materiality of the project makes it possible for the two parties
to methodically and meticulously adjust their actions in accordance with each other, and towards the gradual realization of
the aimed-for results. In connection to this, a number of issues pertaining to the reproducibility and recognizability of
manual skills are raised: how instructions-in-interaction orient towards the progression of the skill rather than the interaction
itself; how attempts by and mistakes of the instructed party provide grounds for further instruction; and, consequently, how
instructions in the form of corrections build on the instructor’s continuous assessments of the instructed actions. 相似文献
108.
The present study examined measurement invariance of trait anger with respect to age. In addition, age-related differences in latent variables (factor variances, factor covariances, and factor means) were investigated. A sample of 1216 participants, divided into six age groups, ranging from under 30 to over 70 years, was tested using the angry temperament and angry reaction scales from the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI; Spielberger, 1988). Results show that strong measurement invariance held across the six age groups. For both angry temperament and angry reaction, factor variances tended to decrease into middle age and then increase again into old age. Factor correlations decreased into old age, implying a differentiation of trait anger. Finally, regarding factor means, older adults showed less anger than younger adults, suggesting higher levels of self-regulation or less exposure to anger-provoking contexts in later life. 相似文献
109.
Hood A Pulvers K Carrillo J Merchant G Thomas M 《Personality and individual differences》2012,52(3):401-405
The present study examined the association between positive traits, pain catastrophizing, and pain perceptions. We hypothesized that pain catastrophizing would mediate the relationship between positive traits and pain. First, participants (n = 114) completed the Trait Hope Scale, the Life Orientation Test-Revised, and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Participants then completed the experimental pain stimulus, a cold pressor task, by submerging their hand in a circulating water bath (0 °C) for as long as tolerable. Immediately following the task, participants completed the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ-SF). Pearson correlation found associations between hope and pain catastrophizing (r = −.41, p < .01) and MPQ-SF scores (r = −.20, p < .05). Optimism was significantly associated with pain catastrophizing (r = −.44, p < .01) and MPQ-SF scores (r = −.19, p < .05). Bootstrapping, a non-parametric resampling procedure, tested for mediation and supported our hypothesis that pain catastrophizing mediated the relationship between positive traits and MPQ-SF pain report. To our knowledge, this investigation is the first to establish that the protective link between positive traits and experimental pain operates through lower pain catastrophizing. 相似文献
110.
Studies on affordances typically focus on single objects. We investigated whether affordances are modulated by the context, defined by the relation between two objects and a hand. Participants were presented with pictures displaying two manipulable objects linked by a functional (knife-butter), a spatial (knife-coffee mug), or by no relation. They responded by pressing a key whether the objects were related or not. To determine if observing other's actions and understanding their goals would facilitate judgments, a hand was: (a) displayed near the objects; (b) grasping an object to use it; (c) grasping an object to manipulate/move it; (d) no hand was displayed. RTs were faster when objects were functionally rather than spatially related. Manipulation postures were the slowest in the functional context and functional postures were inhibited in the spatial context, probably due to mismatch between the inferred goal and the context. The absence of this interaction with foot responses instead of hands in Experiment 2 suggests that effects are due to motor simulation rather than to associations between context and hand-postures. 相似文献