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271.
272.
Good Enough for an Affair. Self‐Enhancement of Attractiveness,Interest in Potential Mates and Popularity as a Mate 下载免费PDF全文
Using data from the Berlin Speed Dating Study, we tested rival hypotheses concerning the effects of self‐enhancement of attractiveness on dating outcomes. Three hundred eighty‐two participants took part in one of the 17 speed‐dating sessions. After each speed‐dating interaction, participants indicated how interesting they found the respective person as a long‐term and short‐term partner. Using social relations analyses, we computed perceiver effects (being more or less choosy) and target effects (being rated as more or less interesting) of long‐term and short‐term partner ratings. Self‐enhancement was operationalized as the discrepancy between self‐rated attractiveness and four components of actual attractiveness (observer‐rated facial and vocal attractiveness, height and body mass index). Results indicated that self‐enhancers were less choosy with respect to their interest for short‐term partners, which was especially true for men, but more choosy with respect to long‐term partners. With regard to popularity as a mate, potential partners indicated that they found self‐enhancers more interesting as short‐term partners but not as long‐term partners. As self‐enhancement is a key component of narcissism, these results are consistent with findings that narcissists perceive many sexual affairs as an achievement, while preferring selected ‘trophy’ long‐term partners, and narcissists have a charming appeal for short‐term, but not lasting, social relationships. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
273.
Sigrid Helene Kjørven Haug Valerie DeMarinis Lars Johan Danbolt Kari Kvigne 《Mental health, religion & culture》2016,19(2):150-163
Increasing numbers of older people in Western countries are living with incurable cancer as a chronic disease, receiving palliative care from specialised healthcare contexts. The study's aim was to understand variations of cultural- and existential meaning-making adjustments in a Norwegian majority population of older people with incurable cancer. Semi-structured interviews from 21 participants, aged 70–88, were analysed according to three identified types of belief frames: atheistic/humanistic, religious, and spiritual. Kleinman's medical anthropology cultural framework was adapted and applied deductively together with a reframing metaphor concept in a four-part analytic process. Independent of the differences among the types of belief frames and heterogeneous illness reframing processes, changes in the existential cultural dimension seemed to facilitate psychosocial adjustments in relation to illness, daily living, relationships, and surroundings. The results point to the need for collecting and assessing the function of this type of patient information for better understanding the patient's framework of interpretation, and for identifying treatment-planning resources. 相似文献
274.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine neuronal activation in relation to increasing working memory load in an n-back task, using schematic drawings of facial expressions and scrambled drawings of the same facial features as stimuli. The main objective was to investigate whether working memory for drawings of facial features would yield specific activations compared to memory for scrambled drawings based on the same visual features as those making up the face drawings. fMRI-BOLD responses were acquired with a 1.5 T Siemens MR scanner while subjects watched the facial drawings alternated with the scrambled drawings, in a block-design. Subjects had to hold either 1 or 2 items in working memory. We found that the main effect of increasing memory load from one to two items yielded significant activations in a bilaterally distributed cortical network consisting of regions in the occipitotemporal cortex, the inferior parietal lobule, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area and the cerebellum. In addition, we found a memory load x drawings interaction in the right inferior frontal gyrus in favor of the facial drawings. These findings show that working memory is specific for facial features which interact with a general cognitive load component to produce significant activations in prefrontal regions of the brain. 相似文献
275.
Bergdahl M Habib R Bergdahl J Nyberg L Nilsson LG 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2007,48(6):557-565
A number of neurobiological, psychological and social factors may account for cognitive impairment. In animal studies a relation between dental status and cognitive performance has been found. It is unclear whether such a relation exists for humans. In a first step we compared the performance of 1,351 participants (53% women, 47% men; age M = 54.0) with natural teeth to 487 edentulous participants (59% women, 41% men; age M = 71.3) on 12 cognitive tests. The natural teeth group had a lower mean age, fewer women, more years of education, higher mini-mental state (MMSE), and performed significantly higher on several cognitive tests. In a subsequent analysis, the cognitive performance of a subset of the participants (50-85 years) was examined. In this analysis, 211 had natural dentition and 188 were edentulous. The groups were matched for gender, age, social variables, diseases, stress and MMSE. The cognitive disadvantage of the edentulous group was still apparent. The results suggest that functional natural teeth relate to relatively preserved cognitive functioning in older age. 相似文献
276.
In patient-centred care, shared decision-making is advocated as the preferred form of medical decision-making. Shared decision-making
is supported with reference to patient autonomy without abandoning the patient or giving up the possibility of influencing
how the patient is benefited. It is, however, not transparent how shared decision-making is related to autonomy and, in effect,
what support autonomy can give shared decision-making. In the article, different forms of shared decision-making are analysed
in relation to five different aspects of autonomy: (1) self-realisation; (2) preference satisfaction; (3) self-direction;
(4) binary autonomy of the person; (5) gradual autonomy of the person. It is argued that both individually and jointly these
aspects will support the models called shared rational deliberative patient choice and joint decision as the preferred versions from an autonomy perspective. Acknowledging that both of these models may fail, the professionally driven best interest compromise model is held out as a satisfactory second-best choice. 相似文献
277.
Markus J. Hofmann Lars Kuchinke Sascha Tamm Melissa L. H. Võ Arthur M. Jacobs 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(4):389-397
Lexical decisions to high- and low-arousal negative words and to low-arousal neutral and positive words were examined in an
event-related potentials (ERP) study. Reaction times to positive and high-arousal negative words were shorter than those to
neutral (low-arousal) words, whereas those to low-arousal negative words were longer. A similar pattern was observed in an
early time window of the ERP response: Both positive and high-arousal negative words elicited greater negative potentials
in a time frame of 80 to 120 msec after stimulus onset. This result suggests that arousal has a differential impact on early
lexical processing of positive and negative words. Source localization in the relevant time frame revealed that the arousal
effect in negative words is likely to be localized in a left occipito-temporal region including the middle temporal and fusiform
gyri. The ERP arousal effect appears to result from early lexico-semantic processing in high-arousal negative words. 相似文献
278.
Lars R. Bergman 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):248-252
Within a person-oriented research paradigm the focus is on individuals characterized by patterns of information that are regarded
as indivisible wholes. It is then not sufficient to carry out standard variable-oriented mediation analysis. The procedure
suggested by von Eye, Mun, and Mair (2009) for pattern-oriented mediation analysis is much better aligned to this person-oriented
framework. An important new feature in their approach is that it can detect mediator configurations that prohibit predictor
and outcome connections at a pattern level. Two extensions of their procedure are suggested, namely (1) the use of cluster
analysis to arrive at the categories and (2) the use of other models for estimating the expected frequencies. It is pointed
out that in their context a functional relations perspective might be more relevant than the standard causality perspective.
Lars Bergman is professor of longitudinal research methodology in the behavioral sciences at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University. He is head of the Stockholm Laboratory for Developmental Science and the research program Individual Development and Adaptation. His main research areas are the study of the adaptation process, especially of factors promoting a positive development, and theoretical-methodological research, especially concerning the person-oriented approach. 相似文献
Lars R. BergmanEmail: |
Lars Bergman is professor of longitudinal research methodology in the behavioral sciences at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University. He is head of the Stockholm Laboratory for Developmental Science and the research program Individual Development and Adaptation. His main research areas are the study of the adaptation process, especially of factors promoting a positive development, and theoretical-methodological research, especially concerning the person-oriented approach. 相似文献
279.
Background Conceptualizations of teachers' agency beliefs converge around domains of support and instruction. Aim We investigated changes in student teachers' agency beliefs during a 1 year teacher education course, and related these to observed classroom quality and day‐to‐day experiences in partnership schools during the practicum. Samples Out of a sample of 66 student teachers who had responded to at least two out of four times to a questionnaire (18 men 48 women; mean age 26.4 years), 30 were observed during teaching, and 20 completed a 4‐day short form diary. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis validated two agency belief constructs. Multi‐level models for change investigated individual differences in change over time. Multi‐level path models related observation and diary responses to agency beliefs. Results Supportive agency belief was high and stable across time. Instructional agency belief increased over time, suggesting a beneficial effect of teacher education. This increase was predicted by observed classroom quality (emotional support and student engagement) and daily positive affect and agency beliefs. Conclusions Teacher education is successful in creating a context in which student teachers' supportive agency beliefs can be maintained and instructional agency beliefs can increase during the course. 相似文献
280.