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211.
Todd J. Williams Jeff Schimel Joseph Hayes Erik H. Faucher 《European journal of social psychology》2012,42(5):602-616
Terror management theory posits that cultural worldviews buffer people from thoughts and concerns about death. In support of this claim, numerous studies have shown that mortality salience (MS) increases an individual's motivation to uphold and defend important cultural worldviews. We hypothesized that the motivation to defend cultural worldviews following MS would also enhance people's ability to comprehend worldview affirming (vs. disconfirming) information. Three studies investigated this possibility. Study 1 showed that MS (vs. control) increased reading comprehension of a pro‐evolution essay among participants with a strongly evolutionist worldview, but decreased reading comprehension among participants with a strongly creationist worldview. With the use of a pro‐creation essay, Study 2 conceptually replicated these effects and demonstrated that the interactive effect of worldview and death anxiety on reading comprehension was mediated by defensive motivation. Study 3 replicated the results of Studies 1 and 2 among participants with a strongly evolutionist worldview, but only when the information in the essay was perceived as veridical. Discussion focused on the specific process through which MS affects reading comprehension of worldview relevant ideas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Strand MT Hawk LW Bubnik M Shiels K Pelham WE Waxmonsky JG 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(7):1193-1207
Working memory (WM) is considered a core deficit in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with numerous studies demonstrating impaired WM among children with ADHD. We tested the degree to which WM in children with ADHD was improved by performance-based incentives, an analog of behavioral intervention. In two studies, WM performance was assessed using a visuo-spatial n-back task. Study 1 compared children (ages 9-12?years) with ADHD-Combined type (n?=?24) to a group of typically developing (TD) children (n?=?32). Study 1 replicated WM deficits among children with ADHD. Incentives improved WM, particularly among children with ADHD. The provision of incentives reduced the ADHD-control group difference by approximately half but did not normalize WM. Study 2 examined the separate and combined effects of incentives and stimulant medication among 17 children with ADHD-Combined type. Both incentives and a moderate dose of long-acting methylphenidate (MPH; ~0.3?mg/kg t.i.d. equivalent) robustly improved WM relative to the no-incentive, placebo condition. The combination of incentives and medication improved WM significantly more than either incentives or MPH alone. These studies indicate that contingencies markedly improve WM among children with ADHD-Combined type, with effect sizes comparable to a moderate dose of stimulant medication. More broadly, this work calls attention to the role of motivation in studying cognitive deficits in ADHD and in testing multifactorial models of ADHD. 相似文献
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Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(4):537-549
In this article, I explore political humiliation and its relation to conversion, as seen in the autobiographies of Malcolm
X and Martin Luther King. In brief, I argue that before and during the time that Martin Luther King and Malcolm X lived, political
structures, laws, policies, and programs gave rise to and supported social behaviors and communications of the dominant group
that were aimed at humiliating a subjugated, marginalized group—African-Americans. These experiences of political humiliation
served to motivate Malcolm X and Martin Luther King to make changes in their religious commitments and attitudes. I argue
further that their conversions, while different in a number of ways, cannot simply be understood as religious acts. Rather,
their conversions represent political-religious acts that involved a turning away from the individual and social political
subjugation to acts of political resistance against the pervasive barrage of humiliations at the hands of whites. Their political-religious
acts of resistance also included a redemptive telos, which was a quest for a present and future political, social, and religious
realization of human dignity and freedom. 相似文献
217.
Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(4):523-536
In this article, I offer a way of thinking about the interplay of political and religious subjectivities in persons’ conversion
experiences or faith journeys. More particularly, I contend that a person’s political and religious experiences interact such
that political experiences and ideas shape the person’s religious values and beliefs, and vice versa. Malcolm X’s story is
used to illustrate this interplay of subjectivities vis-à-vis the varied changes or conversions in his life. The major point
here is that the richness and depth of change in Malcolm X’s life (and other figures) are better grasped when we take into
account the dynamic intersection of the political and religious. 相似文献
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Studies of recognition typically involve tests in which the participant’s memory for a stimulus is directly questioned. There
are occasions however, in which memory occurs more spontaneously (e.g., an acquaintance seeming familiar out of context).
Spontaneous recognition was investigated in a novel paradigm involving study of pictures and words followed by recognition
judgments on stimuli with an old or new word superimposed over an old or new picture. Participants were instructed to make
their recognition decision on either the picture or word and to ignore the distracting stimulus. Spontaneous recognition was
measured as the influence of old vs. new distracters on target recognition. Across two experiments, older adults and younger
adults placed under divided-attention showed a greater tendency to spontaneously recognize old distracters as compared to
full-attention younger adults. The occurrence of spontaneous recognition is discussed in relation to ability to constrain
retrieval to goal-relevant information. 相似文献
220.
In three experiments, we examined the mechanisms by which prior experience with proactive interference (PI) diminished its
effects. Cued recall tasks conforming to an A–B, A–D paradigm were used to induce PI effects. Experiment 1 showed that reduced
PI was not due to a reduction in attention to the source of PI. Experiment 2 revealed that participants’ awareness of PI effects
on memory performance increased with experience, resulting in a shift in encoding processes. Experiment 3 demonstrated that
changes in encoding provided additional support for recollection that further enhanced participants’ ability to constrain
their retrieval processing to the appropriate source of information at the time of test. These results can be interpreted
as showing that experience with PI enhances awareness of its effects and allows individuals to adjust their learning and retrieval
strategies to compensate for such effects. 相似文献