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181.
Huttenlocher J Vasilyeva M Waterfall HR Vevea JL Hedges LV 《Developmental psychology》2007,43(5):1062-1083
This article examines caregiver speech to young children. The authors obtained several measures of the speech used to children during early language development (14-30 months). For all measures, they found substantial variation across individuals and subgroups. Speech patterns vary with caregiver education, and the differences are maintained over time. While there are distinct levels of complexity for different caregivers, there is a common pattern of increase across age within the range that characterizes each educational group. Thus, caregiver speech exhibits both long-standing patterns of linguistic behavior and adjustment for the interlocutor. This information about the variability of speech by individual caregivers provides a framework for systematic study of the role of input in language acquisition. 相似文献
182.
Jay E. Earles Burton Kerr Larry C. James Raymond A. Folen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(1):51-57
For several decades, obesity has been a major health concern within the general population of the United States as well as
within the unique military population. Unlike the civilian sector, military service requires individuals to meet weight and
body fat standards. In order to assist overweight military personnel return to standards, Tripler Army Medical Center initiated
the LE3AN Program. LE3AN is a one-week, day-treatment, cognitive-behavioral weight management program coupled with 12 months of weekly follow-up.
Baseline data was collected on 387 consecutive participants. Despite physical fitness training and required standards in each
military service, the average BMIs for men and women were in the obese range, with male participants’ BMIs significantly higher
than women’s (34.3 vs 31.9, p<.005). One year outcome data was collected from 167 participants, i.e. 43.2% of treatment initiators. Among participants
who completed treatment, men maintained a 6.56% loss of their initial weight while women maintained a 7.35% loss. Over a quarter,
26.6%, of those who started the program (but did not complete it) maintained at least a 5% weight loss at one year, while
61.6% of treatment completers maintained 5% weight losses.
The opinions expressed in this article reflect the views of the authors and not those of the Department of Defense or the
U.S. Army. 相似文献
183.
We acquired large data sets of calendar performance from two autistic calendar savants, DG and RN. An analysis of their errors and reaction times revealed that (1) both individuals had knowledge of calendar information from a limited range of years; (2) there was no evidence for the use of memorized anchor dates that could, by virtue of counting away from the anchors, allow correct responses to questions about other dates; and (3) the two individuals differed in their calendar knowledge, as well as in their ability to perform secondary tasks in which calendar knowledge was assessed indirectly. In view of the fact that there are only 14 possible annual calendars, we suggest that both savants worked by memorizing these 14 possible calendar arrangements. 相似文献
184.
In the absence of relevant information in working memory during decision consideration, respondents tend to rely on a style of cognitive processing that may result in premature or inaccurate decision making (M. J. Sharps, 2003). M. J. Sharps and S. S. Martin (2002) demonstrated this effect in executive decision making. In the present study, the authors extended these methods to decisions about environmental issues. Respondents rated decisions about issues such as overpopulation, energy policy, and food production in the presence or absence of simple pertinent information. The presence of such information in the immediate context of environmental decisions, and therefore in working memory, significantly improved respondents' ability to understand negative decision consequences. These results demonstrate the importance of contextual information in environmental decision making. 相似文献
185.
Larry E. Humes Thomas A. Busey James C. Craig Diane Kewley-Port 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(4):860-871
Differences in sensory function between young (n 5 42, 18—31 years old) and older (n 5 137, 60—88 years old) adults were examined for auditory, visual, and tactile measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal acuity (gap-detection threshold). For all but one of the psychophysical measures (visual gap detection), multiple measures were obtained at different stimulus frequencies for each modality and task. This resulted in a total of 14 dependent measures, each based on four to six adaptive psychophysical estimates of 75% correct performance. In addition, all participants completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1997). Mean data confirmed previously observed differences in performance between young and older adults for 13 of the 14 dependent measures (all but visual threshold at a flicker frequency of 4 Hz). Correlational and principalcomponents factor analyses performed on the data from the 137 older adults were generally consistent with task and modality independence of the psychophysical measures. 相似文献
186.
Stacy L. Frazier Marc S. Atkins Laura Hess Olson Aaron R. Lyon 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):152-158
The present study proposed to understand how same-sex and other-sex peer nominations relate differently to teacher reports
of children’s behaviors and measures of children’s friendships. Students provided peer nominations, mutual friend data, and
social network data. Teachers rated students’ antisocial behavior and social competence. As expected, other-sex peer social
preference scores predicted teacher ratings of antisocial behavior, while same-sex peer social preference scores predicted
data on friendships and social groups. Unexpectedly, both same and other sex peer nominations predicted children’s teacher-rated
social competence. Findings suggest that other-sex peers offer a unique perspective on children’s social behavior that is
neither superfluous nor unimportant to understanding children’s psychosocial adjustment. 相似文献
187.
Suzanne Oosterwijk Mark Rotteveel Agneta H. Fischer Ursula Hess 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(3):457-466
Embodiment theories predict that activating conceptual knowledge about emotions can be accompanied by re‐experiencing bodily states, since simulations of sensory, motor, and introspective experiences form the foundation of conceptual representations of emotion. In the present study, we examine whether the activation of the specific emotion concepts of pride and disappointment are embodied in the sense that they are accompanied by changes in posture. Participants generated words associated with pride and disappointment while posture height was measured. Results show that during the generation of disappointment words participants decreased their posture height more than when participants generated pride words. This finding suggests that the activation of conceptual knowledge about disappointment can lead to a spontaneous expression of the associated body posture. In contrast to posture changes along the vertical axis, movement along the horizontal axis was not influenced by concept activation. In addition to bodily simulation the data also indicated introspective simulation, since feelings of disappointment increased after generating disappointment words. The current study provides the first evidence for the claim that the activation of conceptual knowledge about emotion can instantiate spontaneous simulations at a behavioral level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
188.
Spontaneous intrusive recollections (SIRs) follow traumatic events in clinical and non-clinical populations. To determine whether any relationship exists between SIRs and enhanced memory for emotional events, participants viewed emotional or neutral films, had their memory for the films tested two days later, and estimated the number of SIRs they experienced for each film. SIR frequency related positively to memory strength, an effect more pronounced in the emotional condition. These findings represent the first demonstration of a relationship between SIRs occurring after an emotional experience and subsequent memory strength for that experience. The results are consistent with the possibility that emotional arousal leads both to elevated SIR frequency and better memory, and that the covert rehearsal associated with SIRs enhances memory for emotional relative to neutral stimuli. Additional evidence of menstrual cycle influences on SIR incidence in female participants appears to merit consideration in future work. 相似文献
189.
John M. Ferron Bethany A. Bell Melinda R. Hess Gianna Rendina-Gobioff Susan T. Hibbard 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):372-384
Multiple-baseline studies are prevalent in behavioral research, but questions remain about how to best analyze the resulting
data. Monte Carlo methods were used to examine the utility of multilevel models for multiplebaseline data under conditions
that varied in the number of participants, number of repeated observations per participant, variance in baseline levels, variance
in treatment effects, and amount of autocorrelation in the Level 1 errors. Interval estimates of the average treatment effect
were examined for two specifications of the Level 1 error structure (σ2
I and first-order autoregressive) and for five different methods of estimating the degrees of freedom (containment, residual,
between—within, Satterthwaite, and Kenward—Roger). When the Satterthwaite or Kenward—Roger method was used and an autoregressive
Level 1 error structure was specified, the interval estimates of the average treatment effect were relatively accurate. Conversely,
the interval estimates of the treatment effect variance were inaccurate, and the corresponding point estimates were biased. 相似文献
190.