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101.
102.
Lara Descartes 《Journal of Adult Development》2006,13(3-4):137-147
Qualitative data are used to examine parents’ support to their adult children, and their motivations and feelings about it.
The sample is 40 adult children and parents from four racial/ethnic groups: African-Americans, Asian-Americans, non-Latino
Whites, and Latinos. Ideals of adult independence versus interdependence emerge as determinants of feelings about aiding adult
children. The ambivalence concept provides the means to elucidate the tensions between these ideologies and children’s structurally
shaped circumstances. Parental assistance to adult children was seen as acceptable for education, home ownership, and on behalf
of young children, especially if the child was “working hard.” Parents still provided aid, however, even if these conditions
were not met. In these situations, more intrafamilial tension characterized the aid transfer. 相似文献
103.
Extraversion is robustly correlated with positive affect, but the reasons for this correlation remain unclear. One possibility is that extraverts and introverts both enjoy interacting with others, but extraverts do so more frequently. Another possibility is that extraverts enjoy social interactions more. Both hypotheses were tested using the Day Reconstruction Method. Subjects reported on interactions with others and positive affect experienced during all of the episodes from a single day. Results were consistent with the first hypothesis: the relation between extraversion and positive affect was partially mediated by extraverts’ greater social participation. The findings support a transactional approach to personality, in which traits like extraversion are seen as styles of actively engaging with the environment. 相似文献
104.
Quantity discrimination is adaptive in a variety of ecological contexts and different taxa discriminate stimuli differing
in numerousness, both in the wild and in laboratory settings. Quantity discrimination between object arrays has been suggested
to be more demanding than between food arrays but, to our knowledge, the same paradigm has never been used to directly compare
them. We investigated to what extent capuchin monkeys’ relative numerousness judgments (RNJs) with food and token are alike.
Tokens are inherently non-valuable objects that acquire an associative value upon exchange with the experimenter. Our aims
were (1) to assess capuchins’ RNJs with food (Experiment 1) and with tokens (Experiment 2) by presenting all the possible
pair-wise choices between one to five items, and (2) to evaluate on which of the two proposed non-verbal mechanisms underlying
quantity discrimination (analogue magnitude and object file system) capuchins relied upon. In both conditions capuchins reliably
selected the larger amount of items, although their performance was higher with food than with tokens. The influence of the
ratio between arrays on performance indicates that capuchins relied on the same system for numerical representation, namely
analogue magnitude, regardless of the type of stimuli (food or tokens) and across both the small and large number ranges. 相似文献
105.
Alan J Lambert Alison L Chasteen Lara Shaffer 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2004,40(6):708-722
We propose and test two alternative hypotheses bearing on the dual roles of group variability and typicality when people form impressions of single category members. The latitude of acceptance hypothesis suggests that a wider range of individual group members are likely to be seen as good-fitting members (i.e., typical) if the group is heterogeneous, thereby increasing the extent to which stereotypical attitudes are used as a basis for responding to these persons. In contrast, the typicality-functionality hypothesis suggests that typicality plays different roles depending on group variability. This view suggests that typicality plays the “gatekeeper function” as postulated by Fiske and Neuberg (1990) when the group is homogeneous, but not when it is heterogeneous. Across two studies, stronger support was found for the typicality-functionality hypothesis. Implications for the extant literature on category-based processing are discussed. 相似文献
106.
Lara R. Robinson Amanda Sheffield Morris Sherryl Scott Heller Michael S. Scheeringa Neil W. Boris Anna T. Smyke 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):421-434
Young maltreated children, birth to three years, represent the age group with the highest rates of maltreatment in the United
States (ACYF 2007). There are few studies to date that have investigated early childhood maltreatment and its effects on emotion
regulatory processes and psychopathology. In response, the current investigation uses a dyadic assessment procedure to examine
the relationship between parenting, emotion regulation, and symptoms of psychopathology among maltreating and non-maltreating
parent–child interactions. The participants in this study were 123 children (66 maltreated and 57 nonmaltreated) from ages
1–3. Child and parent affect and child effortful control were observed during a parent–child interaction task. Symptoms of
psychopathology were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist. The maltreated children exhibited more anger, more internalizing
symptomatology, and less positive affect compared to non-maltreated children. Among maltreated children, emotion dysregulation
was associated with internalizing symptomatology. Moreover, these data reveal parental positive affect was associated with
lower child internalizing symptomatology and parental anger was associated with higher child internalizing symptomatology
in the entire sample. This investigation offers evidence that emotion dysregulation subsequent to poor dyadic interactions
is associated with early child maltreatment. These data suggest that maltreated children experience difficulties in emotion
regulation which may be related to their higher levels of behavioral symptomatology. 相似文献
107.
108.
Although previous research has demonstrated the importance of emotions in ultimatum bargaining, this research provides a more direct, convergent test of the role of anger in explaining rejections of unfair offers in ultimatum bargaining. First, using appraisal theory of emotions, this research examines the extent to which the cognitive appraisal of unfairness leads to the emotion of anger, which in turn, drives punitive behavior (i.e., rejection of offers). Second, this research explores the possibility of decoupling the emotion of anger from its antecedent appraisal of unfairness in order to attenuate responders' inclination to reject unfair offers. Third, following the current research tradition that goes beyond a valence‐based approach, we differentiate between the negative emotions of anger and sadness and examine whether it is the specific emotion of anger that is relevant to the cognitive appraisal of unfairness or the general negative valence of the emotion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
109.
Tagliapietra L Fanari R De Candia C Tabossi P 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(2):392-415
Five word-spotting experiments explored the role of consonantal and vocalic phonotactic cues in the segmentation of spoken Italian. The first set of experiments tested listeners' sensitivity to phonotactic constraints cueing syllable boundaries. Participants were slower in spotting words in nonsense strings when target onsets were misaligned (e.g., lago in ri.blago) than when they were aligned (e.g., lago in rin.lago) with phonotactically determined syllabic boundaries. This effect held also for sequences that occur only word-medially (e.g., /tl/ in ri.tlago), and competition effects could not account for the disadvantage in the misaligned condition. Similarly, target detections were slower when their offsets were misaligned (e.g., cittá in cittáu.ba) than when they were aligned (e.g., cittá in cittá.oba) with a phonotactic syllabic boundary. The second set of experiments tested listeners' sensitivity to phonotactic cues, which specifically signal lexical (and not just syllable) boundaries. Results corroborate the role of syllabic information in speech segmentation and suggest that Italian listeners make little use of additional phonotactic information that specifically cues word boundaries. 相似文献
110.
Lange KW Mecklinger L Walitza S Becker G Gerlach M Naumann M Tucha O 《Human movement science》2006,25(4-5):492-509
Three experiments were performed in an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the effect of dopamine on handwriting. In the first experiment, kinematic aspects of handwriting movements were compared between healthy participants and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) on their usual dopaminergic treatment and following withdrawal of dopaminergic medication. In the second experiment, the writing performance of healthy participants with a hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra as detected by transcranial sonography (TCS) was compared with the performance of healthy participants with low echogenicity of the substantia nigra. The third experiment examined the effect of central dopamine reduction on kinematic aspects of handwriting movements in healthy adults using acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion (APTD). A digitising tablet was used for the assessment of handwriting movements. Participants were asked to perform a simple writing task. Movement time, distance, velocity, acceleration and measures of fluency of handwriting movements were measured. The kinematic analysis of handwriting movements revealed that alterations of central dopaminergic neurotransmission adversely affect movement execution during handwriting. In comparison to the automatic processing of handwriting movements displayed by control participants, participants with an altered dopaminergic neurotransmission shifted from an automatic to a controlled processing of movement execution. Central dopamine appears to be of particular importance with regard to the automatic execution of well-learned movements. 相似文献