On the scope of alcohol expectancy research: remaining issues of measurement and meaning

An article by Leigh (1989d) examined certain substantive and measurement-related limitations of research on alcohol outcome expectancies. Leigh (1989d) criticized research in this field on both conceptual and methodological grounds and speculated on future theoretical directions for research in the field. In their response, Goldman, Brown, Christiansen, and Smith (1991) contended that Leigh's critique is faulty in important respects. However, some of their points are based on misinterpretations of Leigh's comments, and they appear to have insufficient appreciation of conditions necessary for comprehensive measurement validation and for meaningful application of theories of memory to alcohol expectancy research. Despite the limitations of expectancy research, exciting avenues exist for further work.     

Neuropsychological correlates of hypertension: review and methodologic considerations.

Essential hypertension is a chronic disorder having many potential physical and behavioral sequelae. This article evaluates the impact of hypertension on neuropsychological test performance. First, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that examine the neuropsychological correlates of hypertension are reviewed. In general, hypertensives are found to perform more poorly than normotensives, particularly on tests of memory, attention, and abstract reasoning, and less consistently on tests of perception, constructional ability, mental flexibility, and psychomotor speed. Next, the influence of variables that may moderate relationships between hypertension and neuropsychological performance--such as age, education, and medication usage--are examined. Finally, potential mechanisms, both physiological and psychological, underlying associations between hypertension and neuropsychological performance are discussed.     

On the nature of attachment in a borderline population: a preliminary investigation

Analyses of interpersonal behavior within a borderline population usually focus on object relations variables. In contrast, this preliminary research focuses on the nature of attachment styles and its relation to behavioral pathology. 24 hospitalized borderline patients were administered an Attachment Style Inventory and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Analysis confirms predicted differences in attachment style between the borderline and normal control samples as well as indicates that a dependent style of attachment within this borderline sample is associated with less pathology than an avoidant, hostile, or resistant/ambivalent style. The implications of this preliminary work for full-scale research are addressed.     

Childhood peer rejection,aggression, withdrawal,and perceived competence as predictors of self-reported behavior problems in preadolescence

Childhood peer rejection, aggression, withdrawal, and perceived competence were compared as predictors of self-reported behavior problems. Peer sociometric status (Coie, Dodge, and Coppotelli, 1982), teacher ratings of behavior problems (Lorion, Cowen, & Caldwell, 1975), and perceived competence ratings (Harter, 1982) were obtained for 613 second-through fourth-grade children. Two years later, these students completed a modified version of the Youth Self-Report form (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1987). Rejected children and neglected girls were more likely to have a self-reported nonspecific negative outcome than others. Neglected girls were at heightened risk for depression. A varied set of predictors obtained from different informants emerged for each sex for each of the specific self-reported outcomes of depression, unpopularity, delinquency, aggression, and self-destructive/identity problems. Results are discussed in terms of future directions for longitudinal research on the consequences of poor peer relationships in childhood.This research was supported in part by a grant from the W. Alton Jones Foundation and in part from Cooperative Agreement (G0087C3033) between the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, and the University of Virginia. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the opinions of the funding agencies. Portions of this paper were presented at the First Annual Meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Miami, Florida. The authors would like to thank Robert Terry, Ruth Axman, Pamela Griesler, Melissa DeRosier, Nancy Vaden, Charlene Eickholt, Amy Young, Emily Burhans, Eric Johnson, Renee Lorio, and Karen Welke for their assistance in conducting this research project.     

A comparative evaluation of parent-training interventions for families of chronic delinquents

Fifty-five families of chronically offending delinquents were randomly assigned to parent-training treatment or to service traditionally provided by the juvenile court and community. The families in the parent-training group received an average of 44.8 hours of professional contact (23.3 hours of which were phone contacts), and each control group family received treatment estimated at more than 50 hours on the average. Comparisons of police contact data at baseline and subsequent years for the two groups showed that subjects in both groups demonstrated reduced rates of offending during the followup years. The finding most relevant was significant treatment-by-time effect for offense rates, with most of this effect accounted for by a greater reduction in serious crimes for the experimental group during the treatment year, and a similar reduction of the community control group occurring in the first of three followup years. These early decrements in offense rates persisted during followup for both groups. Throughout the study, boys in the experimental group spent significantly less time in institutional settings than did boys in the control group. Parent training had a significant impact, but the reduction in offending was produced at very high emotional cost to staff. Although it is clear that this population requires substantial treatment resources, this study underscores the need for more work on prevention.Research for this paper was supported by grant MH 37938 from the Center for Studies of Antisocial and Violent Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). The writing was supported in part by grants MH 17126 and MH 37940 from the same Center, grant DA 05304 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, U.S. PHS., and grant MH 38730 from the Child and Adolescent Disorders Research Branch, NIMH, U.S. PHS. The authors gratefully acknowledge the enduring commitment of the treatment staff that made this study possible: Patricia Chamberlain, Marion Forgatch, and Kate Kavanagh.     

A crosslinguistic study of grammaticality judgments in Broca's aphasia

Crosslinguistic studies of sentence comprehension and production in Broca's aphasia have yielded two complementary findings: (1) grammatical morphology appears to be more impaired than word order principles in every language studied, but (2) the degree to which grammatical morphology is retained by aphasic patients depends upon the "strength" or importance of those morphemes in the patient's premorbid language. In an earlier study comparing violations of word order and agreement, we found that English-speaking Broca's aphasics showed greater sensitivity to errors of ordering than to errors of agreement, providing further evidence for the selective vulnerability of morphology. However, because English is a rigid word order language with a relatively weak inflectional system, it could be argued that word order is resilient to brain damage because it is the strongest source of information in this language. The present study compared the performance of English-speaking Broca's aphasics and normal controls with their Italian counterparts in the same grammaticality judgment experiment. Four predictions relating to our previous work were confirmed. (1) Italian aphasics, like their English-speaking counterparts, showed general preservation of grammatical knowledge and (2) they were able to use this knowledge in an "on-line" fashion. (3) Within each language, Broca's aphasics showed greater impairment in their ability to recognize errors of morphological selection (i.e., agreement) compared with errors made by moving the same words to an incorrect position downstream. Nevertheless (4), crosslinguistic differences observed in previous studies of comprehension and production were also observed in this grammaticality judgment task: a processing advantage for agreement errors in Italian normals and aphasics, and a processing advantage for ordering errors in English normals and aphasics.     

Density effects in conjunction search: evidence for a coarse location mechanism of feature integration.

Four experiments used the visual search paradigm to examine feature integration mechanisms. Reaction time to determine the presence or absence of a conjunctive target is relatively fast and exhaustive for low-density displays. Search rate is slow and self-terminating for high-density displays. Density effects do not arise when the target is defined by a unique feature. Two mechanisms are proposed for feature integration. A fast mechanism integrates features on the basis of coarse location information coded with the initial registration of the features. This coarse location mechanism requires that display items be spaced apart. A second, slower mechanism is used when objects are clumped together. The 2-mechanism hypothesis provides a resolution to conflicting findings in the visual search and illusory-conjunction literature. A possible interpretation of the findings with a single guided search mechanism for feature integration is also discussed.     

Still no demonstration that g is not unitary: Further comment on Kranzler and Jensen

Because they employed a statistical procedure that was inappropriate for the purpose, Kranzler and Jensen (1991) have not demonstrated that a factor of general intelligence, g, depends on a number of independent processes. It is more parsimonious to interpret their results in terms of a g that is unitary. A factorial reanalysis of their data, including some that they did not present (cross-correlations between psychometric variables and variables from elementary cognitive tasks, or ECTs), shows that many ECT variables, especially those reflecting decision time rather than movement time, have substantial loadings on a second-order general factor. This factor is orthogonal to a second-order factor representing general speed of movement from a “home button” to the response button in ECTs. Possible implications for interpreting g in terms of information-processing efficiency are discussed.