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791.
Karen E. Wain Wendy R. Uhlmann Judith Heidebrink J. Scott Roberts 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(3):239-251
Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) is an increasingly diagnosed condition and is associated with genetic risk factors.
This is one of the first studies exploring the lived experience of siblings of individuals with EOAD. We used structured questionnaires
and semi-structured interviews to assess a broad range of siblings’ experiences with and beliefs about EOAD, including knowledge,
perceptions of personal risk, level of worry, and effects on life decisions. Participants (n = 24) were predominantly female (62.5%) and middle-aged (mean = 56.8 years; range 37–83). When asked about risk factors,
genetics was cited most frequently (62.5%). Several potential means of reducing AD risk were endorsed, with 54% reporting
engagement in behaviors for this purpose (e.g., keeping mentally active). Participants ranged widely in their perceived personal
risk of AD (range: 0–100; mean = 35.6%), with higher perceived risk associated with worry about AD (p < 0.01). Understanding siblings’ experiences with EOAD can inform how genetic counselors and healthcare professionals work
with this population to facilitate risk communication and decision-making about testing and healthcare. 相似文献
792.
Higher cognitive function is associated with faster choice reaction time (CRT), and both are associated with a reduced risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, comparison of the predictive capacity of CRT, an emerging risk factor, with that for established ‘classic’ risk factors for mortality, such as smoking, hypertension or obesity, is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative impact of CRT with a range of established risk factors for all-cause and CVD mortality. The UK Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS) is a national sample survey of adults in England, Scotland, and Wales. In 1984/85, data on lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status, and health were collected for 9003 individuals. CRT data were available for 7414 individuals. With different predictor variables having differing coding structures, we used the relative index of inequality (RII) to explore the relation of a range of risk factors with mortality by computing the risk in disadvantaged (high risk; e.g., smokers) relative to advantaged (low risk; e.g., non-smokers) persons. During an average of 20 years of follow-up, there were 1289 deaths (568 ascribed to CVD). In age- and sex-adjusted models in which all-cause mortality was the outcome of interest, CRT mean (RII = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.98, 3.33) was the second most important predictor of death after smoking (RII = 3.03, 95% CI = 2.45, 3.75). For death from CVD, CRT mean (RII = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.55, 3.43) was again the second most important risk factor for death, behind systolic blood pressure (RII = 4.37, 95% CI = 3.03, 6.29). These analyses suggest that CRT, a moderately high correlate of intelligence, is an important risk factor for death from all-causes and CVD. 相似文献
793.
Tamsin K. Saxton Anthony C. Little Lisa M. DeBruine Benedict C. Jones S. Craig Roberts 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):864-868
Exposure to a particular population of faces can increase ratings of the normality and attractiveness of similar-looking faces. Such exposure can also refine the perceived boundaries of that face population, such that other faces are more readily perceived as dissimilar. We predicted that relatively less exposure to opposite-sex faces, as experienced by children at single-sex compared with mixed-sex schools, would decrease ratings of the attractiveness of sexual dimorphism in opposite-sex faces (that is, boys at single-sex schools would show a decreased preference for feminised faces, and girls at single-sex schools would show a decreased preference for masculinised faces). Consistent with this prediction, girls at single-sex compared with mixed-sex schools demonstrated significantly stronger preferences for facial femininity in both male and female faces. Boys at single-sex compared with mixed-sex schools demonstrated marginally stronger preferences for facial masculinity in male faces, but did not differ in their ratings of female faces. These effects were attenuated among some single-sex school pupils by the presence of adolescent opposite-sex siblings. These data add to the evidence that long-term exposure to a particular face population can influence judgements of other faces, and contribute to our understanding of the factors leading to individual differences in face preferences. 相似文献
794.
Paul Roberts 《Current Psychology》2002,21(3):240-252
There is now abundant evidence that false memories can be created inside and outside the laboratory, and much is known about
the kinds of techniques and manipulations that encourage the creation of false memories. However, rather less is known about
the influence of naturally occurring variables over which the experimenter or clinician has little or no control. The current
study investigated the influence of some of these variables on false memory creation. The influence of individual differences
in depression, trait anxiety, imagery vividness and the interaction of these factors with stress was studied. Subjects studied
series of pictures and words and then attempted to recall all the pictures presented, at a low-stress time and then later
at a high-stress time. Intrusions from words at recall were the false memories in this study. Subjects who experience more
vivid imagery were more vulnerable to false memories when they were stressed. Low trait anxious subjects were more likely
to assign remember judgement to a false memory when they were stressed. These findings are discussed in terms of the source
monitoring framework and implications for clinical practice.
The author thanks Ainslie Lown for help in collecting and analyzing data from the first part of this study. 相似文献
795.
Michael C. Roberts Keri J. Brown Richard W. Puddy 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2002,9(1):3-13
Presents a framework for categorizing pediatric psychology research into practice and service system outcomes and functioning. The questions of importance are (a) who is being served, (b) what services are provided, (c) how treatments are implemented, (d) how services are organized and staffed, (e) what are the outcomes of the services, (f) how do various consumers perceive services, (g) how services are reimbursed, and (h) what are alternatives and innovations? The framework of program evaluation is detailed for domains most germane to service delivery in pediatric/child health psychology. Such domains include diagnostic information on patients, types of intervention, behavioral/psychological outcome variables, costs of treatments, service system functioning, and perceptions of satisfaction from multiple sources. This framework may be useful in directing future research on the delivery of services in pediatric psychology settings, thereby adding to the value of the field. 相似文献
796.
797.
Our trunks influence where we perform actions in space. Thus, trunk direction may define a region of spacethat is accorded special treatment by the attention system. We investigated conditions under which a trunk orientation bias for attention might be relevant for healthy adults. Three experiments compared visual detection performance for participants standing and walking on a treadmill. Together, the experiments disambiguate the relative contributions of motor activity, motor load, and cognitive load on trunk orientation biases. In Experiment 1, trunk orientation biases (i.e., faster target detection for targets in front of the body midline) were observed in both forward and sideways walking conditions, but not in standing conditions. In Experiment 2, we ruled out the notion that the trunk orientation bias arose from increased motor activity; in fact, the bias was greatest when participants walked at an unusually slow pace. In Experiment 3, we directly compared motor load with cognitive load in a dual-task paradigm; cognitive load influenced overall performance speed, but only motor load produced trunk orientationbias. These results suggest that a trunk orientation bias emerges during walking and motor load conditions. 相似文献
798.
Christopher D. Nye Brent W. Roberts Gerard Saucier Xinyue Zhou 《Journal of research in personality》2008
Although previous research has examined cross-cultural differences in personality, many of these studies neglected to first establish that the measures being used were equivalent in meaning across cultures. Using samples of Chinese, Greek, and American respondents, the measurement equivalence of the Big Five Mini-Markers [Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality assessment, 63, 506–516] was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that all of the scales demonstrate configural invariance, but fail to show metric or scalar invariance. Several adjectives from these scales were found to exhibit bias at the item-level. The practical implications of these results are discussed and future research is suggested. 相似文献
799.
This study examined the effect of changes in racial identity, cross-race friendships, same-race friendships, and classroom racial composition on changes in race-related social cognition from 3rd to 5th grade for 73 African American children. The goal of the study was to determine the extent to which preadolescent racial identity and social context predict expectations of racial discrimination in cross-race social interactions (social expectations). Expectations of racial discrimination were assessed using vignettes of cross-race social situations involving an African American child in a social interaction with European Americans. There were 3 major findings. First, expectations for discrimination declined slightly from 3rd to 5th grade. Second, although racial composition of children's classrooms, number of European American friends, gender, and family poverty status were largely unrelated to social expectations, having more African American friends was associated with expecting more discrimination in cross-racial interactions from 3rd to 5th grade. Third, increases in racial centrality were related to increases in discrimination expectations, and increases in public regard were associated with decreases in discrimination expectations. These data suggest that as early as 3rd grade, children are forming attitudes about their racial group that have implications for their cross-race social interactions. 相似文献
800.
Tammy A. Lazicki Eric M. Vernberg Michael C. Roberts Eric R. Benson 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(2):264-276
We provide information about consumer and provider perceptions using a mixed-model pilot study within the Intensive Mental
Health Project (IMHP), a school-based treatment service for children with SED and their families. Caregiver, youth, and provider
questionnaires developed for this project elicited quantitative and qualitative information on treatment satisfaction, therapeutic
alliance, and active involvement in treatment. Caregivers and children overall had positive perceptions of the services they
received through IMHP. Providers reported very good working relationships with most children and families. Consumers also
provided constructive comments about how to improve services. Our results add support to the importance of therapeutic alliance
and collaboration, which are guiding principles of the IMHP. 相似文献