Humans rapidly estimate expected gain in movement planning

We studied human movement planning in tasks in which subjects selected one of two goals that differed in expected gain. Each goal configuration consisted of a target circle and a partially overlapping penalty circle. Rapid hits into the target region led to a monetary bonus; accidental hits into the penalty region incurred a penalty. The outcomes assigned to target and penalty regions and the spatial arrangement of those regions were varied. Subjects preferred configurations with higher expected gain whether selection involved a rapid pointing movement or a choice by key press. Movements executed to select one of two goal configurations exhibited the same movement dynamics as pointing movements directed at a single configuration, and were executed with the same high efficiency. Our results suggest that humans choose near-optimal strategies when planning their movement, and can base their selection of strategy on a rapid judgment about the expected gain associated with possible movement goals.     

Work,stress, and well-being

Work-related stress may lead to injuries and psychological disorders. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has identified psychological disorders as one of the ten leading work-related diseases and injuries during the 1980s (Sauter, Murphy, & Hurrell, 1990). This article sets out a framework, strategy, and recommendations for enhancing stress management skills and the psychological well-being of individuals in occupational environments. Central to the strategy are attention to work design variables, such as control, uncertainty, conflict, and task demands, surveillance of psychological disorders in the workplace, education of managers and workers concerning psychological well-being and stress in the workplace, and treatment of individuals in distress.     

The Effect of Research with Teenage Mothers on the Development of Their Infants1

Mother-infant interaction of 14 teenage mothers and 12 women 20 years or older was observed and recorded in the laboratory or the home when the infants were 16, 20, 24, and 52 weeks of age. In order to assess the possible effect of the research intervention on the maternal behavior and on the infants' development, a control group of teenage mothers and their infants was seen only at the end of the study when the infant was 52 weeks old. At 12 months the Home Observation Measure of the Environment Inventory (HOME) was administered and infants were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (motor and mental scales) and the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure. On all measures the observation groups scored significantly higher than the control group. The significant aspects of the research intervention are discussed.     

蒙汉族大学生父母教养方式、成人依恋与心理困扰的关系研究

通过整群抽样方法抽取了576名大学生,对其施测父母养育方式量表、亲密关系体验量表和心理困扰量表,运用结构方程模型技术,分别考察了父母养育方式的蒙汉族差异以及成人依恋模式在父母养育方式和心理困扰间的中介作用。结果表明:(1) 蒙古族父母对孩子的关爱程度和给孩子的自主性要显著高于汉族;(2) 汉族的成人依恋模式在父母过度保护与抑郁-焦虑-压力之间起着部分中介作用,而蒙古族成人依恋的中介作用不明显,但母亲的冷漠拒绝和过度保护会导致个体依恋回避和依恋焦虑,父亲的冷漠拒绝和过度保护会影响个体的抑郁和焦虑,母亲的过度保护和父亲的冷漠拒绝会影响个体的压力。     

Decision making, movement planning and statistical decision theory

We discuss behavioral studies directed at understanding how probability information is represented in motor and economic tasks. By formulating the behavioral tasks in the language of statistical decision theory, we can compare performance in equivalent tasks in different domains. Subjects in traditional economic decision-making tasks often misrepresent the probability of rare events and typically fail to maximize expected gain. By contrast, subjects in mathematically equivalent movement tasks often choose movement strategies that come close to maximizing expected gain. We discuss the implications of these different outcomes, noting the evident differences between the source of uncertainty and how information about uncertainty is acquired in motor and economic tasks.     

Evaluation of “staying on track”: An early identification,tracking, and referral system

The “Staying on Track” project tracked infants, preschoolers, and their families in Brockville, Ontario, Canada for a period of 3 years. Public health nurses at preassigned intervals provided information and counseling for families and made referrals to other agencies if problems were judged to be beyond the expertise of the “Staying on Track” staff. To assess the effectiveness of the program in improving child development, a cohort design was selected to allow development to be assessed over 5½ years in 3 years. Three cohorts and a comparison group were included in the study. Each cohort received different procedures for identification and tracking. Cohort 1 received at least four home visits, cohort 2 received three clinic visits, and cohort 3 received one clinic visit. Intervention and follow-up from these visits included home visits, phone calls, and referrals for all three cohorts. Comparing cohort 1 to cohort 2 at 18 months, highly significant effects were found; few significant differences were found at 3½ years between cohort 2 and 3 and very few positive effects were found for 5½-year-old children who had been in the tracking system since they were 3½ years of age. The results are discussed and recommendations are made about the implications of the study for service provision. © 1998 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health     

Moderator influences of informal experimenter support

This study examined the effect of experimenter support during an intensive 1-year research project on teenage mothers and their infants at 1 and 3 years of age. A variety of information concerning the infants' developmental levels, the mothers' psychological and sociological status, and the mother-infant interaction was collected at both ages. Results indicated that the positive effects of informal support at 1 year of age were no longer evident in mother or child 2 years later. The findings are discussed in light of the effects of observational research and possible implications for intervention programs for teenage mothers.     

Priors and payoffs in confidence judgments

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics - Priors and payoffs are known to affect perceptual decision-making, but little is understood about how they influence confidence judgments. For optimal...