Neurocomputational mechanisms of reinforcement-guided learning in humans: A review

Adapting decision making according to dynamic and probabilistic changes in action-reward contingencies is critical for survival in a competitive and resource-limited world. Much research has focused on elucidating the neural systems and computations that underlie how the brain identifies whether the consequences of actions are relatively good or bad. In contrast, less empirical research has focused on the mechanisms by which reinforcements might be used to guide decision making. Here, I review recent studies in which an attempt to bridge this gap has been made by characterizing how humans use reward information to guide and optimize decision making. Regions that have been implicated in reinforcement processing, including the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate, also seem to mediate how reinforcements are used to adjust subsequent decision making. This research provides insights into why the brain devotes resources to evaluating reinforcements and suggests a direction for future research, from studying the mechanisms of reinforcement processing to studying the mechanisms of reinforcement learning.     

基于时间投入——专注度双维核心模型的高中生学业勤奋度研究

为避免单维评估存在高估或者低估学生学业勤奋表现的不足,以学业勤奋度研究的"时间(行为)投入"和"专注度"两种取向为基础,提出了高中生学业勤奋度的时间(行为)投入—专注度双维核心模型,并考察386名高中生在该模型上的分布特点,进而检验其应用效果。结果表明:(1)以学业勤奋度的双维核心模型为基础,将学生分为四组,并且这四组学生在时间投入和专注度上的差异表现为:在时间投入上,高时间投入的两个组学生的时间投入水平较高,低时间投入两个组学生的时间投入水平较低;在专注度上的分布也是如此。这说明本研究的分组是有效的。(2)模型能够有效将高中生分组,其中高时间投入—低专注度组所占比例最大(30.4%),其次为低时间投入—低专注度组(28.6%),再次是低时间投入—高专注度组(23.6%),高时间投入—高专注度组所占比例最小(17.4%)。(3)模型在不同总体学业成绩和语文、数学、英语等单科成绩上的分组效应均显著,同时拥有高学习时间(行为)投入和高专注度的高中生具有最佳的总体和单科学业成绩。因此,学业勤奋度的学习时间(行为)投入—专注度模型具有良好的应用效果。     

Social support in a changing Europe: an analysis of three post‐communist nations

Despite the continuing interest in social transitions among social scientists, there has been little analysis of the impact of societal change on personal relationships. One important factor in helping individuals deal with the stresses associated with rapid transitions is social support. In our first study, 450 manual workers, students and entrepreneurs in Russia, Georgia and Hungary completed structured questionnaires assessing demographic and value predictors of the perception of support availability and the support they obtained to deal with changes in their societies. In our second study, the same respondents participated in semi‐structured interviews investigating the relationship between their work lives and support networks. Our findings demonstrate the importance of culture, occupation and values for both the perception and reception of support, and underline the multifaceted manner in which different work experiences in different nations influence support networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Explanatory style and Immunoglobulin A (IgA).

The construct of explanatory style has been related to numerous aspects of human psychology, including health. Our research has focused on the effects of various psychological variables on the immune system, in particular Immunoglobulin A (IgA). We had participants fill out the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the predominant measure of explanatory style, and assayed saliva samples for secretory IgA. No relationship was observed between overall ASQ score and IgA, or composite optimism score and IgA. However, we observed significant negative correlations between both the composite pessimism score and IgA, as well as the hopelessness score and IgA. Pessimistic explanatory style may therefore be related to immune system deficits and poor health.     

两位数的整体与局部加工

关于两位数的加工方式有整体加工说和局部加工说,实验证据主要来自数字数量控制/主动加工任务。本研究主要考察在数字数量自动加工任务中两位数的加工方式。实验一要求被试完成数量大小比较和物理大小比较两个任务,实验二只要求被试完成物理大小比较任务。结果是在数量比较任务和物理比较任务中都存在显著的个位十位一致性效应和数量物理一致性效应,这表明在两位数的数量主动和自动加工任务中均存在整体加工和局部加工两种方式。     

注意瞬脱：短暂失控、延迟选择还是资源耗竭？

传统理论认为有限的注意资源分配给前面的靶引起随后靶的认知受损导致注意瞬脱.但新近的理论强调插入在连续靶中的干扰物在AB中的作用.该研究通过比较位于快速序列视觉呈现的数字干扰物中分别由两个字母之间插入1个数字、字母或符号构成的3种3字符在两种不同报告方式下的成绩,对TLC理论和延迟选择理论进行了检验.证明单一理论不能全面解释AB实验现象,提示AB的发生是多种机制共同作用的结果.     

The effect of fearful faces on the attentional blink is task dependent

In a set of three rapid serial visual presentation experiments, we investigated the effect of fearful and neutral face stimuli on the report of trailing scene targets. When the emotional expression of the face stimuli had to be indicated, fearful faces induced a stronger attentional blink (AB) than did neutral faces. However, with identical physical stimulation, the enhancement of the AB by fearful faces disappeared when participants had to judge the faces’ gender. If faces did not have to be reported, no AB was observed. Thus, fearful faces exhibited an effect on the AB that crucially depended on the observer’s attentional set. Hence, the AB can be influenced by an emotional T1 when T1 has to be reported, but this influence is modulated by task context. This result indicates a close connection between temporal attention and emotional processing that is modulated by task context.     

风险决策与博彩行为的眼动特点

为了探索博彩行为与风险决策的特点,采用眼动研究方法对博彩行为中的风险决策任务进行了实验,结果发现:(1)外部框架表征虽影响决策者的内部表征,但决策者的内部表征方式表现出稳定的规律;(2)参与者在博彩中面对损失时,认知加工的决策时间比在面对收益的博彩任务的决策时间长,凝视次数也多比较多,决策者的瞳孔直径比面对收益任务下更大;(3)博彩参与者的内部表征方式,随博彩任务的外部表征的框架,金额、概率、备择项间倍数的改变而发生变化.结论:概率信息是博彩任务中的决策者稳定的决策权重;决策者在面对损失时会更加敏感,导致在决策过程中给予更多的加工负荷;博彩任务的外部表征对参与者内部表征有显著影响.     

Impact of coherent and incoherent twin boundaries on the microhardness of annealed nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys

The microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys with annealing temperature and more specifically grain boundary (GB) character is investigated through several techniques and correlated with the hardening behaviour. It is shown that two distinct regions can be identified in relation to the annealing temperature and the microstructural evolution. At temperatures below 550 °C (Regime I), a small increase in grain size is observed and is accompanied by a significant hardening and an increase in the fraction of Σ3 incoherent twin boundaries. At temperatures above 550 °C (Regime II), the thermal stability is overcome and important grain growth occurs with a decrease in both the volumic fraction of GBs and the microhardness. It is suggested that the microhardness evolution during heat treatment is influenced by two opposing processes: an increase in the fraction of incoherent twin boundaries (hardening effect) and grain growth (softening effect). Both aspects are directly associated with the mean free path of mobile dislocations.     

基于三参照点理论的薪酬差距与离职决策的分析

离职是组织管理研究中一个重要的课题, 但鲜有研究将其纳入风险决策的框架中。本文运用行为决策的研究方法, 将离职作为一种风险选择, 运用三参照点理论探讨个体薪酬差距与离职决策之间的关系。我们的理论分析和初步的预研究发现：(1)个体薪酬现状与底线的差距负向预测离职决策, 薪酬目标与现状的差距正向预测离职决策; (2)进一步推导出薪酬差距与离职决策间存在双拐点的非线性函数关系; (3)同行现状收入作为横向参照系, 在薪酬差距与离职决策两者之间起锚定作用; (4)组织中薪酬分布的差距大小作为纵向参照系, 在薪酬差距与离职决策两者之间起调节作用。本研究将离职作为一种风险决策进行研究, 不仅对于离职理论与决策理论的发展有一定意义, 而且为人力资源管理实践提供了指导与启示。