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When Practice Does Not Make Perfect: Effects of Strategic Cognitive Processes on Errors During Skill Development 下载免费PDF全文
This study looked at the contribution of strategic cognitive processes such as frequency gambling and speed and accuracy trade‐off in the production of errors during skill development. We developed a novel psychomotor task and trained participants on the task. We predicted that practice would change the nature of errors and be driven by strategic processes, rather than just change the overall number of errors. The first experiment investigated the effects of frequency gambling on errors during skill development by manipulating stimulus probability. The second experiment tested the separate effects of speed versus accuracy instructions to clarify the strategic contribution of response‐criterion setting. The results of these two studies refute the widespread assumption that skill development invariably reduces errors. Rather, errors can be a strategic feature of skill acquisition (e.g. gambling on low probability events), which, although results in speedy performance, would be a dangerous practice in many real‐life contexts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
34.
马兰 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2010,31(5A):1-3,70
神经科学的最新研究成果为决定论提供了科学依据,由此推断没有自由意志和恒定不变的自我。而传统生命伦理学中我们对其它生命体的伦理义务乃是基于这个生命体具备自由意志,即有自我的精神生活。神经科学技术对自由意志和自我的挑战不会对我们的伦理实践产生重要影响。只有在实践生活中人们采用了科学研究结论,从神经科学的发现到影响我们伦理实践的范式转换才会发生。从相容性与非相容性、物理系统自身的识别、神经科学的其它证据等方面探讨了怀疑的内在原因,认为不会因为神经科学家的新发现而否认自由意志和恒定自我。 相似文献
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Expression of conditional fear without awareness has been previously demonstrated during delay conditioning, a procedure in
which the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) overlap. However, less is known about the role of awareness
in trace fear conditioning, where an interval of time separates the CS and UCS. The present study assessed skin conductance
response (SCR) and UCS expectancy during delay and trace conditioning. UCS predictability was varied on a trial-bytrial basis
by presenting perithreshold auditory CSs. Differential UCS expectancies were demonstrated only on perceived delay and trace
trials. Learning-related SCRs were observed during both perceived and unperceived delay CSs. In contrast, differential SCRs
were demonstrated only for perceived trace CSs. These data suggest that awareness is necessary for conditional responding
during trace, but not delay, fear conditioning. 相似文献
36.
Melinda A. Green Tara K. Ohrt Christine Nguyen Katherine Blasko Sanjeev Khatiwada Amanda Martin 《Basic and applied social psychology》2013,35(3):259-271
The purpose of the present study was to examine heart rate (HR) and affective reactions to state self-objectification as a function of gender. We examined negative affect, positive affect, guilt, and HR at 6-second and 5-minute intervals across baseline, control, high objectification, low objectification, and cologne conditions in men (n = 53) and women (n = 57). Mixed factorial MANOVA results indicated a statistically significant Gender × Condition interaction. Both men and women showed a cardiac orienting response to high versus low objectification. Cardiac stress reactions to objectification were higher among women. Negative affective reactions to objectification were more pervasive across conditions among women. 相似文献
37.
In this article, we describe a systematic review of mean race and sex differences in situational judgment test (SJT) performance. On average, White test takers perform better on SJTs than Black, Hispanic, and Asian test takers. Female examinees perform slightly better than male test takers on SJTs. We investigate two moderators of these differences: loading of g or personality on the SJT, and response instructions. Mean race differences between Black, Hispanic, Asian and White examinees in SJT performance are largely explained by the cognitive loading of the SJT such that the larger the cognitive load, the larger the mean race differences. Regarding the effect of personality loadings of SJTs on race differences, Black–White and Asian–White differences are smaller to the extent that the SJT is correlated with emotional stability and Hispanic–White differences are smaller to the extent that SJTs are correlated with conscientiousness and agreeableness. Cognitive loading has minimal effect on male–female SJT score differences; however, SJT score differences are larger, favoring women, when SJTs are correlated with conscientiousness and agreeableness. Concerning response instructions, knowledge response instructions showed greater race differences than behavioral tendency instructions. The mean correlations show that these differences are largely because of the greater g loading of knowledge instructions. A second study showed that when used in hiring, SJTs are likely to have adverse impact by race but not by sex. 相似文献
38.
Liangyun Lan Xiangwei Kong Zhiyong Hu Chunlin Qiu 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(12):764-771
The Y-groove cracking test by submerged arc welding was employed to study the susceptibility of a low-carbon high-strength steel to hydrogen-induced cold cracking (HICC). The morphology of hydrogen cracks was observed using an electron probe microscope. The results showed that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has a higher susceptibility to HICC than the weld metal and that increasing heat input can improve the HICC resistance of the weldment. The intergranular microcracking is the main HICC mode at the lowest heat input condition, accompanied with some transgranular microcracks attached to complex inclusions. In combination with phase transformation behaviour in sub-zones, the effect of the phase transformation sequence is proposed to try to illustrate the fact that the fine-grained HAZ has higher probability of hydrogen cracking than the coarse-grained HAZ owing to the occurrence of hydrogen enrichment in the fine-grained HAZ after the transformation. 相似文献
39.
我国研究生心理健康研究述评 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
研究生心理健康目前已逐渐引起人们的关注。本文以近年来我国有关研究生心理健康的研究为依据。对我国研究生心理健康的研究进行了总结与分析,提出了目前研究生心理健康研究的特点与问题,并提出未来研究发展的建议,以期加快我国研究生心理健康的研究步伐。 相似文献
40.
Hai V. Nguyen 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2016,17(3):1255-1271
Although individuals are known to be affected by concerns about relative position, little research investigates how neighbors’ wealth affects one’s hypertension risks. This paper investigates the relationship between neighborhood wealth and hypertension using both self-reported hypertension and objective hypertension. I find that self-reported hypertension rate substantially underestimates objectively measured hypertension rate. Consequently, while there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between neighborhood wealth and hypertension when using self-reported hypertension, the results based on measured hypertension data differ substantially, with the relationship only observed for people aged 55–65 but not for younger or older age groups. There is also evidence of a positive relationship between continuous blood pressure and neighborhood wealth for adult people (aged 30 or older). 相似文献