科学探究的认知机制研究述评

科学探究涉及一个复杂的认知过程，Klahr和Dunbar的SDDS模型、Kuhn的模型以及双过程模型对此过程进行了描述；另外研究者们还对科学探究过程不同阶段需要的认知技能和认知策略以及影响因素进行了研究。     

科学与文化心理转型

在多种文明密切交往,不同信仰并存的世界 上,以现代科学思想为基础重塑我们的价值观念是 中国和平崛起过程必须面对的一个重大文化问题。 这反映在三个方面: 首先,从传统到现代心理转型是社会转型的一 个重要侧面。改革开放以来,伴随着文化生活的活 跃和丰富,各种迷信思潮也沉渣泛起。这种现象令     

The Paradox of Inference and the Non-Triviality of Analytic Information

The classical theory of semantic information (ESI), as formulated by Bar-Hillel and Carnap in 1952, does not give a satisfactory account of the problem of what information, if any, analytically and/or logically true sentences have to offer. According to ESI, analytically true sentences lack informational content, and any two analytically equivalent sentences convey the same piece of information. This problem is connected with Cohen and Nagel’s paradox of inference: Since the conclusion of a valid argument is contained in the premises, it fails to provide any novel information. Again, ESI does not give a satisfactory account of the paradox. In this paper I propose a solution based on the distinction between empirical information and analytic information. Declarative sentences are informative due to their meanings. I construe meanings as structured hyperintensions, modelled in Transparent Intensional Logic as so-called constructions. These are abstract, algorithmically structured procedures whose constituents are sub-procedures. My main thesis is that constructions are the vehicles of information. Hence, although analytically true sentences provide no empirical information about the state of the world, they convey analytic information, in the shape of constructions prescribing how to arrive at the truths in question. Moreover, even though analytically equivalent sentences have equal empirical content, their analytic content may be different. Finally, though the empirical content of the conclusion of a valid argument is contained in the premises, its analytic content may be different from the analytic content of the premises and thus convey a new piece of information.     

SYLLABARIUM: An online application for deriving complete statistics for Basque and Spanish orthographic syllables

The present article introduces SYLLABARIUM, a new Web tool addressing the needs of linguists, psycholinguists, and cognitive scientists who work with Spanish and/or Basque and are interested in retrieving information about several syllable-related parameters. This new online syllabic database allows the user to generate complete lists of Spanish and Basque syllables with information about the syllable frequency. Among other measures, for a given orthographic syllable, SYLLABARIUM provides its number of occurrences (i.e., the type frequency), the summed lexical frequency of the words that contain this syllable (i.e., the token frequency), and the positional distribution of type and token frequencies. The cross-language feature of SYLLABARIUM is of special interest to researchers aiming to explore the influence of the syllable in bilingualism. The Web tool is available at www.bcbl.eu/syllabarium.     

《太平经》“种民”解

早期道教经典《太平经》中有一个特殊的名称“种民”,这是以前未曾出现过的概念。何谓“种民”?如果从字面意思看,“种民”应当是民的一种分类,属于民的一种称呼。《太平经》关于“民”的说法有很多,如人民、万民、兆民、生民、国民、凡民等,这些关于民的称呼有一个共同的特点,     

The Impact of a Program of Prejudice‐Reduction Seminars in South Africa1

The influence of weekend‐long prejudice‐reduction seminars on attitudes, knowledge, and behavioral expectations of South African student leaders was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Pre–post comparisons indicated increases in perceived stereotyping‐caused suffering, ease of committing cross‐cultural mistakes, and comfort with approaching racially diverse strangers. The seminars did not reduce essentialist thinking, nor the in‐group favoritism found with measures of group identification and comfort approaching strangers. Similarly, they did not affect summary measures of stereotype understanding, perceived inter‐ or intragroup heterogeneity, preferred model of interethnic relations, nor attitudes toward affirmative action. Despite limited evidence of seminar impact, participants evaluated the seminars highly. Qualitative results suggest that opportunities to address racially based misperception of self and in‐group were particularly valued.     

先进文化中的价值尺度（一）——学习“以崇尚科学为荣、以愚昧无知为耻”心得

“八荣八耻”不仅是道德范畴,而且是价值范畴,我认为。从社会的某一个方面看,唯钱唯权是瞻,近乎成为风气;是非混淆,善恶颠倒,美丑不分,真伪不辨,令人忧虑,以至有人感叹,世道沦丧,人心不古,对现状不满,对未来失去信心。于是,向宗教求救者有之,主张尊孔读经者有之,拾后现代的牙慧者有之,一时间社会舆论的道德标准,先进文化的价值尺度,都成了严重问题。中央提出“八荣八耻”的荣辱观,重申并极大地丰富了中国共产党人一贯的价值体系,为澄清这些问题,指出了非常明确,非常具体的方向,应该首先成为思想文化界和科学教育界的行为指南,也是当代学人应…     

专家记忆优势效应理论的比较

依据专家记忆优势效应三个主要理论 (即模板理论、长时工作记忆理论和限制调节理论 )的不同特点选取变量 ,以中国象棋为实验材料 ,采用 2× 2× 2× 2混合设计 ,对三个理论进行检验比较。研究发现 :(1)被试在记忆棋局条件下的包含测验成绩 ,优于选择着法条件下的 ;(2 )棋局与棋手水平之间不存在显著的交互作用 ;(3)棋局与提取时的意识水平之间存在显著的交互作用 ,对局中的外显效应大于排局中的外显效应 ,而棋局的内隐效应则无显著差异。上述结果表明 ,相对而言 ,长时工作记忆理论能够对专家记忆优势效应作出合理的解释     

加压素对记忆巩固过程作用的研究 Ⅰ.精氨酸加压素(AVP)对大鼠记忆巩固过程的易化作用及脑内游离氨基酸含量的变化

本文研究了精氨酸加压素易化记忆巩固过程的作用,测定了这一作用过程中脑内15种游离氨基酸含量的变化。 1.第三天建立实验前1小时皮下注射AVP(2μg/只)显著地延缓了大鼠主动逃避条件反应的消退过程。 2.给予AVP的动物在建立期皮层视区和海马两脑区的GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)含量及海马的异亮氨酸含量下降。在保持期两脑区的苏氨酸含量下降,赖氨酸含量上升,海马的谷氨酸含量下降,但两脑区的GABA含量都没有显著变化。 3.电击应激反应的实验结果表明,给予AVP的动物海马的GABA含量及皮层视区苯丙氨酸含量下降。单独注射AVP后1小时,两脑区的天冬氨酸含量下降。AVP注射后48小时,脑内各种氨基酸含量都没有明显变化。