Subject relative clauses are not universally easier to process: Evidence from Basque

Studies from many languages consistently report that subject relative clauses (SR) are easier to process than object relatives (OR). However, Hsiao and Gibson (2003) report an OR preference for Chinese, a finding that has been contested. Here we report faster OR versus SR processing in Basque, an ergative, head-final language with pre-nominal relative clauses. A self-paced reading task was used in Experiments 1 and 2, while ERPs were recorded in Experiment 3. We used relative clauses that were ambiguous between an object or subject-gap interpretation and disambiguated later in the sentence. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that SR took longer to read than OR in the critical disambiguating region. In addition, Experiment 3 showed that SR produced larger amplitudes than OR in the P600 window immediately after reading the critical disambiguating word. Our results suggest that SR are not universally easier to process. They cast doubts on universal hypotheses and suggest that processing complexity may depend on language-specific aspects of grammar.     

关于《易传》美学—文学思想的若干问题——兼论《易传》是我国最早作专书批评的文章—文学理论著作

《易传》作者有意表明了对《易经》的研究与评价的立场 ,《易传》文本包含有关美学—文学思想的内容。在前人研究的基础上 ,本文拾遗补阙 ,论述《易传》之“美”有美在自然、自然美高于艺术美、美乃自然而然、无所为而为等方面的内容以及阴柔之为美及其含蓄的特征 ;又 ,关于“修辞立其诚”的意义及其影响 ,关于“衰世之意”、“忧患”著书的意义及其对司马迁“发愤著书”说的影响等等。论述结合了与古今中外美学—文学理论的比较 ,加强证明了《易传》实为《文心雕龙》之先导 ,是我国最早作专书批评的文章—文学理论著作。     

美洲上空的龙——从奥尔梅克到阿兹特克的宗教

一般认为原始的墨西哥宗教是由美洲虎神所统治的。但是美国宗教史学家卡尔·卢柯特教授通过他深入的研究,将拉本塔奥尔梅克文明的铺贴面像倒置过来进行观察,认定它们是一种代表南美洲响尾蛇的镶嵌雕塑。这样一来,由美洲虎神所统治的墨西哥宗教就被农业文明中的大地雨龙所重新定位。     

心理模型及其探查技术的研究

自从1943年Craik首次提出心理模型概念以来,有关心理模型的研究已大量涌现,目前有两条心理模型的研究思路．文章分别沿着这两条思路介绍有关心理模型的研究,并以访谈法和观察法为线索梳理了心理模型的探查技术．最后指出心理模型及其探查技术的研究趋向：两条研究思路的整合和多种探查技术的整合。     

Synergy of stimulus-driven salience and goal-directed prioritization: Evidence from the spatial blink

In the spatial blink paradigm, participants search for a target of a designated color in a rapidly presented stream of letters at fixation. Target identification is typically impaired if a peripheral distractor appears shortly before the target, inducing a spatial blink, but impairment is observed only when the distractor also shares the sought-for color. Such results reveal an important top-down influence on the capture of attention. In the present experiments, we examined the influence of the bottom-up transients associated with the appearance and disappearance of distractors in the spatial blink paradigm. Onsets and offsets alone are incapable of inducing a spatial blink, but we found that the presence of such transients did enhance the effects of target-color-matched distractors. The results reveal important synergistic interactions between top-down and bottom-up factors involved in attentional capture.     

逻辑哲学研究的新标识--《逻辑哲学九章》述评

自 19世纪末、20世纪初现代逻辑产生以来,逻辑学研究在西方学术界可说是方兴未艾。与之相伴的是逻辑哲学研究也在 20世纪的西方学术界开展得如火如荼。受国际学术界的影响,我国学术界自 20世纪 30年代始,在金岳霖、牟宗三、沈有鼎等先生的努力下,逻辑哲学研究逐步得到展开,特别是20世纪 80年代后,在一大批逻辑学者的努力下,我国的逻辑哲学研究逐渐形成繁荣之势。王路、李小五、张清宇、张家龙和邹崇理等合力完成的《逻辑哲学九章》(张清宇主编,江苏人民出版社, 2004 ) (以下简称《九章》)则将我国的逻辑哲学研究推进到了一个新的水平,这…     

向普及科技知识和科学精神者致敬

带动我国科学技术有效发展的是两个轮子,一是科技创新,一是科技普及。作为一个门外汉,我就科普问题谈点感受。一鸦片战争失败以来,为了从根本上摆脱国家贫     

不协调理论的逻辑基础——读张清宇先生的《弗协调逻辑》

一个理论是协调的就是指一个理论是无矛盾的,即在该理论中不存在这样的命题A,A与它的否定非A都是该理论的定理;否则,我们就说该理论是不协调的。一个理论的理想状态应该是协调的。但是事实上,现实存在的理论有相当一部分是处于不协调状态的。我们的经验或者常识就常常是不协调的。具有辩证思想传统的中国是一个具有不协调思想传统的大国。先秦持“两可之说”的邓析、公孙龙子等人的思想应该说是不协调的,承认“亦此亦彼”的传统辩证法思想也可以说是不协调的。[1]大量存在的不协调理论现象说明了不协调理论的客观实在性。如何限制矛盾的作…     

Cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease

Theory of Mind (ToM) allows one's own and others' cognitive and emotional mental states to be inferred. Although many patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) display impaired social functioning as their disease progresses, very few studies have investigated ToM in AD. Those that have done so suggest that patients' ToM deficits are the consequence of other cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was thus to investigate changes in both the cognitive and the affective dimensions of ToM in AD, using tasks designed to circumvent the patients' comprehension difficulties. Sixteen mild to moderate AD patients and 15 healthy controls matched on age, sex and education level underwent cognitive (preference judgment and first‐ and second‐order false belief) and affective (Reading the Mind in the Eyes) ToM assessments. Comprehension of false belief stories was verified and an additional neuropsychological examination was undergone. We observed impaired performances by AD patients on all the ToM tasks. While working memory and executive functioning impairments contributed to the deterioration in the more complex aspects of cognitive ToM abilities as highlighted by a correlation analysis, we failed to observe any comprehension difficulties in patients who performed poorly on simple cognitive ToM tasks, which suggests that AD truly affects cognitive ToM.     

Cognitive pathways of team climate for creativity: Implications for member creativity and job performance

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the contextual effects of team climate for creativity on creative behavior and job performance of employees. Drawing on the team-knowledge management perspective, we identify team-learning orientation and collective problem solving as main intermediate cognitive processes. The results, based on 856 employees across 102 work units of a high-tech company, demonstrate that these 2 team-level cognitive processes mediate the cross-level effects of team climate for creativity on creative behavior and job performance. This study reveals the cognitive ramifications of team climate for creativity as a favorable social context for employee creativity. By highlighting the cognitive process activated by team climate for creativity, this work complements existing studies focusing mostly on the affective and motivational mechanisms that underlie the team context–creativity relationship.