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131.
Dr. Astrid Sonntag Heide Glaesmer Sven Barnow Elmar Brähler Jörg M. Fegert Steffen Fliegel Harald J. Freyberger Lutz Goldbeck Steffi Kohl Judith Lebiger-Vogel Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber Felicitas Michels-Lucht Nina Spröber Ulrike Willutzki Bernhard Strauß 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(6):427-436
Background
A survey was performed to assess the current situation in education and to identify critical issues 10 years after the inception of the German law regulating the education of psychological psychotherapists and child and adolescent psychotherapists. The study reports the results of a nationwide survey of German psychological psychotherapists and child and adolescent psychotherapists currently in training. The aim of the survey was to evaluate the individual sections of training, desired alterations and structural and financial conditions.Methods
All trainees were contacted via the training institutes and the umbrella organizations. A total of 3,223 trainees participated and answered questions mainly using an online questionnaire.Results
Most respondents practiced their training part-time and in most cases the trainees thought that the training would last longer than initially expected. The practical training was rated most poorly, whereas practical education and individual supervision were rated as most useful. The survey revealed deficits concerning the evaluation of the quality of several components of the training.Conclusions
From the perspective of the trainees there is a necessity to modify the financial conditions of the training. This result has been considered in the recommendations of a research expertise on psychotherapy training and should stimulate further research. 相似文献132.
Elke Geraerts D. Stephen Lindsay Harald Merckelbach Marko Jelicic Linsey Raymaekers Michelle M. Arnold Jonathan W. Schooler 《Psychological science》2009,20(1):92-98
ABSTRACT— People sometimes report recovering long-forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse. The memory mechanisms that lead to such reports are not well understood, and the authenticity of recovered memories has often been challenged. We identified two subgroups of people reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. These subgroups differed dramatically in their cognitive profiles: People who recovered memories of abuse through suggestive therapy exhibited a heightened susceptibility to the construction of false memories, but showed no tendency to underestimate their prior remembering. Conversely, people who recovered memories of abuse spontaneously showed a heightened proneness to forget prior incidences of remembering, but exhibited no increased susceptibility to false memories. This double dissociation points to mechanisms that underlie recovered-memory experiences and indicates that recovered memories may at times be fictitious and may at other times be authentic. 相似文献
133.
This article presents a selective overview of studies that have investigated auditory language processing in children and
late second-language (L2) learners using online methods such as event-related potentials (ERPs), eye-movement monitoring,
or the cross-modal priming paradigm. Two grammatical phenomena are examined in detail, children’s and adults’ processing of
German plural inflections (Lück et al. Brain Res 1077:144–152, 2006; Hahne et al. J Cognitive Neurosci 18:121–134, 2006; Clahsen
et al. J Child Language 34:601–622, 2007) and language learners’ processing of filler-gap dependencies in English (Felser
C, Roberts L Second Language Res 23:9–36, 2007; Roberts et al. J Psycholinguist Res 36:175–188, 2007). The results from these
studies reveal clear differences between native and nonnative processing in both domains of grammar, suggesting that nonnative
listeners rely less on grammatical parsing routines during processing than either child or adult native listeners. We also
argue that factors such as slower processing speed or cognitive resource limitations only provide a partial account of our
findings. 相似文献
134.
Peter Muris Florence J. van Zuuren Harald Merckelbach Evert-Jan Stoffels Merel Kindt 《欧洲人格杂志》1994,8(3):213-221
This study investigated the predictive validity of the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS; Miller, 1987). Subjects had to work on an intelligence test. During this test, they could observe lights that informed them on how they were performing. There were two conditions: a low-stress condition (n = 37) in which the lights always indicated that the subject was performing well, and a high-stress condition (n.= 33) in which the lights signalled a deterioration of performance. In general, little support was found for the predictive validity of the MBSS. 相似文献
135.
Birgit Mayer Harald Merckelbach Peter Muris 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1999,21(3):237-248
In the present study, spider-phobic children (N = 22) were exposed to subliminal presentations of spiders, snakes, and mushrooms, while skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured. In addition, pre- and post-treatment symptom severity data were obtained. As a group, spider-phobic children did not react with differential SCRs to masked phobic pictures. In addition, no convincing evidence was found to suggest that individual variation in differential SCRs to phobic stimuli is linked to pre-treatment symptom severity or therapy outcome. These findings cast doubts on the idea that phobics' phenomenal experience of their fear as irrational and uncontrollable is a result of pre-attentive physiological fear activation. 相似文献
136.
This experiment was conducted with the objective of demonstrating that the effective stimuli in Pavlovian Conditioning are not environmental stimuli but internal physiological processes elicited by environmental input (proximal stimuli). In order to achieve the objective, afterimages in color vision were used: looking at a diffuse lightened circle after seeing a red circle yields an image of a green circle. A differential conditioning paradigm with two sequential compounds was run. In one group (G+B?: n1=10), a red circle followed by a green circle was paired with shock, whereas a red circle followed by a blue circle remained unpaired. A second group (G?B+: n2=10) received red-blue paired trials and unpaired red-green trials. Immediately after that training, subjects were tested with a new, never trained sequential compound: a red circle followed by a diffuse lightened circle. Furthermore, they were tested with the already trained compounds. Taking the environmental point of view, the never trained stimulus should elicit an orienting response lying inbetween the excitatory reaction to the paired stimulus and the inhibitory reaction to the unpaired stimulus. From the proximal point of view, the diffuse light should elicit an excitatory reaction in group G+B? and an inhibitory reaction in group G?B+. Electrodermal conditioned anticipatory and omission responses were measured. The results supported the proximal hypothesis. Hence, defining input in environmental terms may be the wrong way. Instead, in conceptualizing the stimulus in conditioning, the following should be considered: the processing organism itself is creating the effective stimuli. 相似文献
137.
Suslow T Ohrmann P Bauer J Rauch AV Schwindt W Arolt V Heindel W Kugel H 《Brain and cognition》2006,61(3):243-248
It has been argued that critical functions of the human amygdala are to modulate the moment-to-moment vigilance level and to enhance the processing and the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing material. In this functional magnetic resonance study, pictures of human faces bearing fearful, angry, and happy expressions were presented to nine healthy volunteers using a backward masking procedure based on neutral facial expression. Activation of the left and right amygdala in response to the masked fearful faces (compared to neutral faces) was significantly correlated with the number of fearful faces detected. In addition, right but not left amygdala activation in response to the masked angry faces was significantly related to the number of angry faces detected. The present findings underscore the role of the amygdala in the detection and consolidation of memory for marginally perceptible threatening facial expression. 相似文献
138.
Melchers KG Ungör M Lachnit H 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2005,31(4):477-483
Participants were shown A+ and C- trials followed by AB+ and CD+ trials. These trials were embedded in a causal learning task in which participants had to learn either the relationship between different foods and allergic reactions or the relationship between different stocks and an increase in the stock market index. The authors orthogonally varied the manner in which the different cues were presented to participants during training. Cue competition was related to the causal learning scenario but not to the manner in which the different cues were presented. These results question claims of a human bias toward configural processing that were based on difficulties in finding cue competition in some previous causal learning experiments. 相似文献
139.
Guerrieri F Lachnit H Gerber B Giurfa M 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(2):86-95
Blocking occurs when previous training with a stimulus A reduces (blocks) subsequent learning about a stimulus B, when A and B are trained in compound. The question of whether blocking exists in olfactory conditioning of proboscis extension reflex (PER) in honeybees is under debate. The last published accounts on blocking in honeybees state that blocking occurs when odors A and B are similar (the "similarity hypothesis"). We have tested this hypothesis using four odors (1-octanol, 1-nonanol, eugenol, and limonene) chosen on the basis of their chemical and physiological similarity (experiment 1). We established a generalization matrix that measured perceptual similarity. Bees in the "block group" were first trained with an odor A and, in the second phase, with the mixture AB. Bees in the "novel group" (control group) were first trained with an odor N and, in the second phase, with the mixture AB. After conditioning, bees in both groups were tested for their response to B. We assayed all 24 possible combinations for the four odors standing for A, B, and N. We found blocking in four cases, augmentation in two cases, and no difference in 18 cases; odor similarity could not account for these results. We also repeated the experiments with those six odor combinations that gave rise to the similarity hypothesis (experiment 2: 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, geraniol) and found augmentation in one and no effect in five cases. Thus, blocking is not a consistent phenomenon, nor does it depend on odor similarity. 相似文献
140.
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. A vigorous ongoing debate surrounds the question of how such internal structure is best accounted for: by means of lexical entries and deterministic symbolic rules, or by means of probabilistic subsymbolic networks implicitly encoding structural similarities in connection weights. In this review, we separate the question of subsymbolic versus symbolic implementation from the question of deterministic versus probabilistic structure. We outline a growing body of evidence, mostly external to the above debate, indicating that morphological structure is indeed intrinsically graded. By allowing probability into the grammar, progress can be made towards solving some long-standing puzzles in morphological theory. 相似文献