Attentional bias toward waiting time information among individuals with high and low trait self-control when making intertemporal choices

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to explore whether the modulation effects of attentional biases toward time information representing immediate rewards and delayed rewards differ between individuals with high and low trait self-control. Forty participants with high trait self-control and 40 with low trait self-control were selected based on their responses to the Chinese version of the self-control scale, and they were asked to complete an intertemporal choice task and dot probe task first and then a cue-target task a week later. The results showed that the participants with low trait self-control were more likely to choose immediate rewards than participants with high trait self-control. Furthermore, facilitated attention and difficulty in attention disengagement toward present-related words were found among participants with low trait self-control with higher frequency than among those with high trait self-control. Finally, facilitated attention toward present-related words moderated the indifference points among the participants with low trait self-control.     

“长白云国度”海外传教运动视野下的对华传教——新西兰赴华传教士(1877-1952)

新西兰对华传教史至今尚被忽略,本文尝试在国际差传体系的大视野下检视新西兰赴华传教的个案,先就人数、差会、性别比例、阶段性发展等因素作通史性勾勒,再以"英属殖民地差传国"、"小型次传教国"和"对华传教对新西兰本土的反向影响"为理论进路挖掘一些易为"外史型"学者所忽略的问题。在海内外中国教会史研究日臻细化的趋势下,新西兰兼具"中心"与"边缘"、"接收"与"差派"的双重属性,加上国土之"小"、人口之"少"、教会史之"短"、宗派之"简"等特点,皆增添了这一课题所潜藏的学术价值。     

Affective picture processing is modulated by emotion word type in masked priming paradigm: an event-related potential study

ABSTRACT

Although a large body of research demonstrates the role of language in emotion processing (e.g. emotional facial expressions), how emotion-laden words (e.g. poison, reward) and emotion-label words (e.g. fear, satisfaction) differently impact affective picture processing is not clear. Emotion-label words label affective states straightforwardly, whereas emotion-laden words engender emotion via reflection. The current study adopted the masked priming paradigm to examine how Chinese emotion-laden words and emotion-label words distinctively influence affective picture processing. Twenty Chinese speakers decided the valence of the pictures with their cortical responses recorded. Emotion-label words facilitated affective picture evaluation behaviourally. Moreover, pictures that were preceded by emotion-laden words generated larger electrophysiological activation than those preceded by emotion-label words. Combined behavioural and ERP evidence revealed that emotion word type modulated affective picture processing, suggesting different roles of emotion-laden and emotion-label words in how emotion is shaped by language.     

湘西道教胜迹——辰溪大酉观

滔滔沅江,一泻千里,源出云贵高原,支流甚多,流到湘西辰溪县城处,有辰水汇入。在两水交汇不远的地方,有一座历史名山,叫"大酉山"。此山下有观,因山得名"大酉观",系宋代以来湘西一带著名的道教场所,昔时湘西各地打醮都要到大酉观取"皇表"。     

从承认理论到民主正义论——略论南希·弗雷泽的政治哲学

弗雷泽提出要以参与平等为核心重新界定批判理论的规范基础,进一步从承认理论身份模式转向地位模式;从承认的规范一元论转向包含再分配与承认的"视角二元论";从局部的文化正义转向"一元三维"的总体的民主正义.弗雷泽的思想为弥合左派纷争,重新构建对资本主义社会的总体性批判做出了努力,反映了霍耐特承认"规范一元论"以后批判理论新的演进动向.     

Relevance theory,pragmatic inference and cognitive architecture

Relevance Theory (RT) argues that human language comprehension processes tend to maximize “relevance,” and postulates that there is a relevance-based procedure that a hearer follows when trying to understand an utterance. Despite being highly influential, RT has been criticized for its failure to explain how speaker-related information, either the speaker’s abilities or her/his preferences, is incorporated into the hearer’s inferential, pragmatic process. An alternative proposal is that speaker-related information gains prominence due to representation of the speaker within higher level goal-directed schemata. Yet the goal-based account is still unable to explain clearly how cross-domain information, for example linguistic meaning and speaker-related knowledge, is integrated within a modular system. On the basis of RT’s cognitive requirements, together with contemporary cognitive theory, we argue that this integration is realized by utilizing working memory and that there exist conversational constraints with which the constructed utterance interpretation should be consistent. We illustrate our arguments with a computational implementation of the proposed processes within a general cognitive architecture.

Abbreviations: ACT-R Adaptive Control of Thought - RationalCOGENT Cognitive Objects within a Graphical ENvironmenTCS/SS Contention Scheduling/Supervisory SystemRBCP Relevance-Based Comprehension ProcedureRT Relevance Theory     

论印光大师净土佛法的美学意蕴

印光大师(1862-1940),终生弘扬净土法门,自行化他,晚年指导兴建了苏州灵岩山寺,使之成为十方专修净土道场,且大力主持创办弘化社,刻印流通广大善书,使之成为佛教公益事业典范。从中国佛教史而论,他被尊为中国佛教净土宗第十三祖,为净土宗集大成者。同处民国佛教界,他又同虚云和尚、弘一大师、太虚大师并称民国四大高僧。净土因弥陀净土信仰及称名念佛的修行法门,普利三根,修行简捷,在民间赢得了广大信众,成为了中国佛教最有影响力的一支宗派。     

二十世纪上半叶中国唯识学发展史述略

法相唯识学,源于4世纪左右印度无著、世亲开创的大乘瑜伽行派。南北朝时期,唯识学传入中土并形成了摄论学派和地论学派。唐代玄奘以护法系唯识学为中心开创了唯识宗。然而传承不久,因为印度纯粹唯识学高度的思辨性不符合中国人的思维习惯等诸多因素,唯识宗很快就衰微了。会昌法难中,唯识学典籍多有散佚:因论疏失传、法脉中断,宋以后提倡法相唯识渐少。