Gender differences in reasons for entering and leaving education administration: discriminant function analyses

Using discriminant function analyses on survey data collected from 457 students in 29 education administration programs across the United States, the authors inquired into whether men and women decide to enter and possibly leave education administration for different reasons. There were statistically significant functions separating men and women in their reasons for entering and leaving education administration. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

LTP诱导期向维持或转化过程中的突触形态学特征

该研究探讨了视皮层LTP由诱导期向维持期转化过程的突触形态学特征。实验选用18-30天龄的健康SD大鼠,分实验组、空白对照组及实验对照组进行电镜观测和图象分析。结果发现,在常规LTP实验程序中强直刺激后有LTP产生并记录80分钟的实验组脑片标片,局部有界面曲率大于2的较大U型突触形成,这种突触多有两个以上活性区。图象分析结果显示,实验组与对照组相比较,突触的界面曲率明显增大（P＜0．05）,活性区的长度明显加长（＜0．05）。     

Selective spatial enhancement: Attentional spotlight size impacts spatial but not temporal perception

An important but often neglected aspect of attention is how changes in the attentional spotlight size impact perception. The zoom-lens model predicts that a small (“focal”) attentional spotlight enhances all aspects of perception relative to a larger (“diffuse” spotlight). However, based on the physiological properties of the two major classes of visual cells (magnocellular and parvocellular neurons) we predicted trade-offs in spatial and temporal acuity as a function of spotlight size. Contrary to both of these accounts, however, across two experiments we found that attentional spotlight size affected spatial acuity, such that spatial acuity was enhanced for a focal relative to a diffuse spotlight, whereas the same modulations in spotlight size had no impact on temporal acuity. This likely reflects the function of attention: to induce the high spatial resolution of the fovea in periphery, where spatial resolution is poor but temporal resolution is good. It is adaptive, therefore, for the attentional spotlight to enhance spatial acuity, whereas enhancing temporal acuity does not confer the same benefit.     

独体汉字的字形相似性研究

本文以速示呈现方式获得了一系列独体汉字和字符的混淆矩阵。用Luce（1963）的选择模型特混淆矩阵分解为对称的相似矩阵和反应倾向矢量。基于相似矩阵,以聚类分析和多维量表法探索了汉字和字符的视觉特征及其表征形式,为揭示汉字视觉特征的几何特性和潜在结构,在研究方法上作了有意义的偿试、此外,本研究的结果支持了作者（1995）关于在含“十”或“口”的独体汉字中,“十”与“口”是该类汉字的突出视觉特征的结论。     

Internet-based instruction of the principles of base rate and prediction: A demonstration project

An Internet-based instructional module was developed using Netscape 2.0 as the graphical interface. The content concerned Bayesian probabilities and expected outcomes associated with the use of urine drug screens. JavaScript enabled interactive calculations of outcome probabilities given a selected set of parameters, and AppleScript and Claris Filemaker Pro monitored and recorded student activity and progress. The module was initially used in an undergraduate class on alcohol and drugs and subsequently evaluated on a sample of undergraduates. Student response was favorable, and student learning assessed by performance on an exam was good. Students who described themselves as not computer literate did not particularly enjoy the experience, although they performed as well as others on the test. The success of this demonstration project has led to more ambitious implementations, particularly those that monitor student activities and provide intelligent feedback.     

不同年级学生读课文时眼睛注视方式的研究

采用３２００型眼动记录仪,以小学三年级、小学五年级、初中一年级、高中一年级和大学各３０名视力正常的学生为被试,记录了他们在有一定阅读任务要求下的眼睛注视方式。结果发现：阅读速度随年级升高而加快,且小学五年级组和初中一年级组、高中一年级组和大学生组之间差异显著;在读课文的过程中,各年级学生使用两种类型的国视和四种注视课文的方式;回视次数随年级升高而减少,且句间回视次数显著多于句内回视次数;各年级学生读课文时以使用直接和往复注视方式为主,以使用问题和不规则方式为辅。     

定量运动负荷和个性特征对动觉准确性和动作稳定性的影响

目的在于了解个性特征和定量运动负荷与同射箭运动员技术水平密切相关的肘关节动觉方位准确性和手动作稳定性的关系。研究结果表明：个性特征对肘关节动觉方位准确性和手动作稳定性的影响不显著;定量运动负荷可以使肘关节动觉方位准确性明显提高,而手动作稳定性变化不显著。本研究初步证明了韩国射箭训练中利用跑步等手段使运动员处于较高心率之下进行射准练习的方法是实用有效的。     

FOK判断等级及其准确性的实验研究

通过实验集中控制了ＦＯＲ判断等级及其准确性的影响因素。实验以中文字串为学习材料,使用组内设计的实验方法研究了被激活信息的量和强度对ＦＯＤ等级及准确性的影响。实验结果表明：ＦＯＫ判断的等级是由被激活信息的总量决定;的,和被激活信息的正确与否无关;ＦＯＤ判断的准确性是由被激活信息的强度决定的;且二者是在内联系的。     

抑郁者操作任务中目标设立与自我评价的特点

参加研究的被试包括：抑郁性神经症组（２０人）,抑郁症组（１３人）,正常对照组（２９人）。所有被试在完成独粒钻石棋作业的前后对其作业目标进行了估计,并在作业后对操作的满意程度进行了评价,对影响操作者的因素进行了归因,研究所得到的主要结果为（１）抑郁者在操作任务前的目标设立与正常人或抑郁者相似。（２）实际作业成绩与效能感得分相关,（３）抑郁症,抑郁性神经症相被试消极的自我归因倾向明显高于正常组。     

氦-氖激光对大鼠躲避条件反应的影响与纹状体神经介质的变化

用54只大鼠为材料,观察了以光导纤维导入脑内的氦-氖激光对其躲避条件反射(CAR)形成的影响和六种神经介质含量的变化。结果表明,四组动物中,只有氦-氖激光照射尾核的一组动物的学习行为指标(CAR阳性率、CAR反应次数)显著优于手术对照组,同时脑纹状体内去甲肾上腺素(NE)和多巴胺(DA)显著增高,而5-羟色胺(5-HT)降低,这是该组动物的特异性脑化学改变。