Mental Rotation in False Belief Understanding

This study examines the spontaneous use of embodied egocentric transformation (EET) in understanding false beliefs in the minds of others. EET involves the participants mentally transforming or rotating themselves into the orientation of an agent when trying to adopt his or her visuospatial perspective. We argue that psychological perspective taking such as false belief reasoning may also involve EET because of what has been widely reported in the embodied cognition literature, showing that our processing of abstract, propositional information is often grounded in concrete bodily sensations which are not apparently linked to higher cognition. In Experiment 1, an agent placed a ball into one of two boxes and left. The ball then rolled out and moved either into the other box (new box) or back into the original one (old box). The participants were to decide from which box they themselves or the agent would try to recover the ball. Results showed that false belief performance was affected by increased orientation disparity between the participants and the agent, suggesting involvement of embodied transformation. In Experiment 2, false belief was similarly induced and the participants were to decide if the agent would try to recover the ball in one specific box. Orientation disparity was again found to affect false belief performance. The present results extend previous findings on EET in visuospatial perspective taking and suggest that false belief reasoning, which is a kind of psychological perspective taking, can also involve embodied rotation, consistent with the embodied cognition view.     

Success of Taiwanese mothers in guiding adolescents

Education for parents was recently mandated in Taiwan and presents a challenge to the schools. The purpose of this study was to determine how two generations perceive parenting strengths and learning needs. Taiwanese mothers of 10- to 14-year-olds (n=209) and their adolescent children (n=201) completed the Parent Success Indicator. Generational reports were compared, and effects of independent variables were examined. The amount of time mothers spent talking to and doing things with their adolescents had the greatest influence on how both groups rated mother success. Unfavorable ratings expressed by mothers and adolescents identified topics that would be appropriate for parent education. The findings will be used by educators and researchers to support parent development in Taiwan.     

成人晚期自我觉知的日常问题解决能力及其与日常认知的关系

本研究采用老年人日常问题解决能力测验,对１８５名被试（５１￣７６岁）予以测定。研究发现：进入成人晚期以后,自我觉知的日常问题解决能力随年龄的增长呈现出一定的下降趋势,但未表现出显著的年龄组间差异,而其个体间差异却日益明显;再有,个体自我觉知的日常问题解决能力与日常认知之间存在较为一致的变化趋势。     

中美成年人和老年人数学能力发展的比较研究

采用一套心理计量测验考察中美两国青老年被试在算术能力、知觉速度及空间方位能力方面的操作是否有国家间和年龄组间差异,不同领域之间是否有不同的能力模式。测验结果表明：在知觉速度和空间方位测验上,中美青年组的操作成绩均明显超过老年组;在算术能力测验上,中国青年组的成绩仍超过老年组,但美国青老年组间则无明显差异;中国青年组在算术能力测验上成绩优于美国同龄组,在其它两个测验上则无明显差异;在所有能力测验上中美老年组的成绩都无明显差异;总的模式表明,美国青年的算术能力呈逐代下降趋势,中国儿童和青年的算术能力远远超过美国同龄人的状况可能只是个近期的现象。     

不同年龄倒班与正常班医护人员睡眠质量和睡眠规律性的比较

应用自行设计的睡眠调查表对443名20—45岁医护人员的睡眠质量和睡眠规律性作了调查。睡眠质量问卷包括睡眠一般评价、是否失眠及服药、入睡是否顺利、睡眠期间觉醒情况、梦记忆情况和觉醒期间精力情况六个项目。 调查结果发现倒班组与正常班组睡眠质量的差异表现在总分和几乎所有的项目上,倒班组值夜班后睡眠质量和睡眠规律性均很差;倒班组和正常班组睡眠质量均随年龄和工龄的增长而下降,因此倒班对睡眠的影响随年龄和倒班工龄的增长而加剧。本研究还发现,过去多年倒班、近三年前转为正常班的工作人员的睡眠有所恢复。     

对阅读理解监控及其发展的直接测量

结合采用错误检测范式和眼动记录方法对大中学生篇章阅读中的理解监控进行了直接测量.结果发现:(1)初一学生不能觉察科技说明短文中故意插入的错误,而高一学生和大一学生能够觉察科技说明短文中故意插入的错误;(2)高一学生和大一学生的理解监控水平高于初一学生.     

Area activation: a computational model of saccadic selectivity in visual search

The Area Activation Model (Pomplun, Reingold, Shen, & Williams, 2000) is a computational model predicting the statistical distribution of saccadic endpoints in visual search tasks. Its basic assumption is that saccades in visual search tend to foveate display areas that provide a maximum amount of task‐relevant information for processing during the subsequent fixation. In the present study, a counterintuitive prediction by the model is empirically tested, namely that saccadic selectivity towards stimulus features depends on the spatial arrangement of search items. We find good correspondence between simulated and empirically observed selectivity patterns, providing strong support for the Area Activation Model.     

内隐序列学习表征方式的实验研究

采用Lewicki等人创造的“矩阵扫描”任务,对内隐序列学习的表征方式进行了研究。结果发现：规则试验的反应时显著低于随机试验,说明被试能够内隐地掌握复杂规则,没有证据表明这与“运动”频率的大小和序列样例的记忆有关;此外,序列结构也是影响内隐序列学习的因素之一。     

动词隐含因果性和重读对代词加工的影响

采用听觉动窗法和跨通道探测技术,设计3个实验考察了汉语口语句子理解中,动词隐含因果性和重读对代词加工的影响及其时间进程。其中的自变量为动词类型和韵律特征;探测实验中增加探测词类型变量。结果发现：动词隐含因果性影响代词的指认方向;当代词不重读时,动词隐含因果关系在遇到代词后立即影响代词可能先行词的激活水平。代词重读影响“因为”分句的阅读时间,且在代词后立即影响主语型动词语句中代词的加工     

任务转换条件下对特征的并行搜索

采用双任务范式,以两个实验探讨了任务设置与刺激特征的匹配程度对特征搜索方式的影响。要求被试首先辨认数字序列中包含的字母,随后完成特征搜索任务。在实验一中特征搜索任务是检测同时呈现的多个灰色圆点(干扰子）中是否有红色圆点(目标）出现。在实验二中,以多种不同颜色的圆点代替实验一中的灰色干扰子。结果发现：在特征搜索主要由自下而上的信息或自上而下的信息引导的两种条件下,任务设置与刺激特征的匹配程度均不影响特征搜索方式,特征搜索仍以并行方式进行。据上述结果笔者推测,在任务设置与刺激特征不匹配的条件下,视觉加工系统首先调整任务设置使二者相匹配,随后进行高效率的并行搜索,而非在二者不匹配的条件下进行低效率的系列搜索。