个体认识论的研究现状与展望

个体认识论是个体对知识性质和认识过程的信念,这些信念深刻地影响知识获得和知识建构过程。学生的认识信念是理解学生学习过程的关键成分之一。关于个体认识论研究有个体认识论的发展研究、个体认识的信念系统研究和个体认识的元认知过程研究等三种主要研究取向,这些研究取向既面临着新的问题又各具挑战性的展望     

外科感染:古老的疾病严峻的挑战

外科感染是人类最古老的疾病,在控制外科感染方面我们已经取得了巨大的进步,但外科感染反而变得越来越复杂,我们面临的挑战也越来越严峻.面对挑战,我们应该采取全方位的对策.     

Effects of Three Sources of Social Support on Survivors' Posttraumatic Stress After the Wenchuan Earthquake

This study investigated the relationship between social support and symptoms of posttraumatic stress among adolescents who were exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. The results showed that three sources of social support—support from family, support from friends, and support from significant others—have significant main effects on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Buffering effects of social support were not supported. Gender and residency were also associated with PTSD, with female adolescents and adolescents from rural areas demonstrating higher levels of PTSD than their male counterparts and adolescents from urban and township areas.     

普通高中实施选修课的心理认可度及其影响因素——基于宁波市教师与学生群体的调查分析

以宁波市三种类型六所普通中学为样本,以学生群体和教师群体为对象,采用问卷评定法,以心理认可度为指标,探讨了普通中学师生对于实施选修课制度的主观评价及其相关因素.结果发现：整体而言,学生和任课教师对宁波市普通高中实施选修课的心理认可度较高;存在的主要问题,是学生对选修课学习效果的认可度较低,而教师对学校开展选修课的教学条件的认可度较低,且认为实施选修课制度的外部阻力较大;特色类和融通类学校落实选修课制度的观念性阻力较大;中老年教师对开设选修课的适应性较低.进一步完善选修课制度,需要从教师、学校和政府三个方面形成合力,共同推动旨在促进学生个性化发展的选修课制度的健康发展.     

Influence of Culture on Ethical Decision Making in Psychology

This study focused on the influence of American and Chinese cultures on consequentialism orientation in decision-making within the broader context of psychologists’ academic roles and responsibilities. In addition, this study hypothesized that educational level would affect culturally influenced ethical decision making in both cultures. Based on the American Psychological Association Ethics Code, 20 ethical scenarios in 5 domains in psychology were created and used to examine the influence of culturally ethical beliefs on psychologists’ decision making among 181 participants. The results indicated that significant cultural differences in consequentialism orientation differentiated Chinese and American participants and influenced their resolution of ethical issues.     

听觉诱发表象的眼动机制

视觉心理表象是一种基于过去经验的自上而下的加工过程,它是信息表征的一种形式.以往的研究主要采用视觉来诱发表象,但是这很难排除视觉后像的干扰,而且与表象“自上而下”的加工过程不一致.听觉诱发表象很好地解决了视觉后像的干扰问题,也更吻合表象“自上而下”的加工过程,因为被试产生的表象是基于自己过去的经验,从自身出发,主动加工的结果.采用实验法,考察通过听觉通道诱发表象眼动的情况,使用眼动仪记录被试的眼动轨迹.结果发现：（1）不管是运动还是静止的物体,都能诱发表象,在表象时存在眼动行为.（2）运动的物体诱发眼动的程度更大.（3）眼动影响表象的建构,在表象建构中起机能性作用.